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DOI: 10.1055/a-2123-8102
Green Synthesis of Pyrazoles: Recent Developments in Aqueous Methods
Abstract
Organic syntheses by adopting green protocols such as sonochemical procedures, microwave technologies, solvent-free conditions, green solvents, heterogeneous catalysis particularly nanocatalysts, ionic liquids have replaced traditional procedures due to concerns pertaining especially to the environment. The heterocycle, pyrazole, due to its multifaceted applications, has been the target of chemists and therefore various synthetic approaches have been developed to synthesize pyrazole-containing molecules. In the present compilation, we have summarized recent water-based research work on the synthesis of pyrazoles.
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Pyrazoles
3 Synthesis of Fused Pyrazoles in Water without Catalyst
3.1 Fused [5-5]System (3 Heteroatoms): Furo[2,3-c]pyrazoles
3.2 Fused [5-6]System (3 Heteroatoms): Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles
3.3 Fused [5-6-6]System (3 Heteroatoms): Pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolones
4 Synthesis of Fused Pyrazoles in Water Using Catalyst
4.1 Fused [5-5]System (3 Heteroatoms): Furo[2,3-c]pyrazoles
4.2 Fused [5-6]System (3 Heteroatoms): Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles
4.3 Fused [5-6-6]System (2 Heteroatoms): Pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazines
4.4 Fused [5-6-6]System (3 Heteroatoms): Benzopyranopyrazoles
4.5 Fused [5-6-6]System (5 Heteroatoms): Pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrido [2,3- d]pyrimidines and Pyrazolo[4′,3′:5,6]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines
5 Conclusions
Publication History
Received: 02 June 2023
Accepted after revision: 03 July 2023
Accepted Manuscript online:
05 July 2023
Article published online:
07 August 2023
© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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For a review of the greener synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles in water, PEG, and bio-based solvents, see: