Endoskopische Resektionsverfahren von flächigen Präkanzerosen und Frühkarzinomen im Rektum

Zusammenfassung

Die Endoskopie spielt heute nicht nur in der Erkennung von kolorektalen Adenomen und Karzinomen eine entscheidende Rolle, sondern auch in der Behandlung von insbesondere flächigen Adenomen und frühen Karzinomen. In den letzten Jahren hat neben der klassischen Polypektomie und Mukosaresektion flach-erhabener Läsionen mit der Schlinge (EMR), die endoskopische Submukosadissektion (ESD) einen zunehmenden Stellenwert erlangt. Hierbei erfolgt nach Markierung, Unterspritzung und Inzision der Mukosa um die Läsion, die Untertunnelung und das „En-bloc“-Auslösen durch eine transparente Aufsatzkappe und ein feines Diathermiemesser. Gerade bei flächigen Veränderungen mit hohem Rezidivrisiko einer Piecemeal-Resektion durch EMR sowie bei Risikoläsionen ermöglicht die ESD, nahezu größenunabhängig in der Hand des Erfahrenen, einen sicheren Abtrag mit einer histologischen R0-Resektionsrate an Zentren von weit über 90%. Die ESD ermöglicht eine optimale histopathologische Ausbeute und weist ein niedriges Rezidivrisiko von 1–3% auf. Eine weitere Bereicherung des Armamentariums stellt die endoskopische Vollwandresektion mit einem speziellen Applikationssystem dar (FTRD-System). Dieses eignet sich für umschriebene submuköse, suspekte oder narbige Veränderungen bis 2 cm Größe im mittleren und oberen Rektum. Die endoskopische intermuskuläre Dissektion (EID) ermöglicht durch Mitnahme der zirkulären inneren Muskelschicht bei der Resektion die histopathologische Analyse der kompletten Submukosa über Mukosa und obere Submukosaschicht hinaus. Sie bietet bei T1-Karzinomen ein geringeres Risiko der basalen R1-Situation und eine neue Perspektive durch die kurative, organerhaltende endoskopische Therapie bei alleiniger tiefer Submukosainfiltration ohne weitere Risikofaktoren für eine Metastasierung. Indikationen, Technik und Stellenwert der verschiedenen Techniken bei prämaligen und frühmaligen Läsionen im Rektum werden dargestellt.

Abstract

Today, endoscopy plays a decisive role not only in the detection of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, but also in the treatment of precancerous lesions, in particular flat adenomas and early carcinomas. In recent years, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has become increasingly important alongside classic polypectomy and mucosal resection after saline injection using a snare (EMR). Using ESD the lesion is marked, injected submucosally using viscous substances and the mucosa incised and tunneled with a transparent cap and a fine diathermy knife. Particularly in the case of widespread and high-risk lesions ESD enables a quasi-surgical “en bloc” resection almost regardless of size, with a histological R0 resection rate of far over 90% in specialized centers. ESD enables an excellent histopathological evaluation and has a low recurrence risk of 1–3%. Endoscopic full-thickness resection using a dedicated device (FTRD system) represents another addition to the armamentarium. It can be used for circumscribed submucosal, suspicious or scarred changes up to 2 cm in the middle and upper rectum. Endoscopic intermuscular dissection (EID) enables histopathological analysis of the complete submucosa beyond the mucosa and upper submucosal layer by including the circular inner muscle layer within the resection specimen. It reduces basal R1 situations and offers a new perspective for T1 carcinomas through curative, organ-preserving endoscopic therapy, especially in the case of deep submucosal infiltration alone, without other risk factors for metastases. Indications, the procedure itself and significance of the various techniques for premalignant and early malignant lesions in the rectum are presented.

Schlüsselwörter

Rektumkarzinom - en bloc - endoskopische intermuskuläre Dissektion (EID) - endoskopische Submukosadissektion (ESD) - T1-Rektumkarzinom - endoskopische Intervention

Keywords

en bloc - rectal carcinoma/cancer - endoscopic intermuscular dissection (EID) - endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) - T1 rectal cancer - endoscopic intervention

Publication History

Received: 06 December 2023

Accepted after revision: 23 January 2024

Article published online:
05 March 2024

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