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DOI: 10.1055/a-2698-5992
Neues zur Blutbiomarker gestützten Frühdiagnostik der Vorstufen einer Alzheimer-Demenz
News on blood biomarker-based early diagnosis of the preliminary stages of Alzheimer's dementiaAutoren
Zusammenfassung
Die Frühdiagnostik der Alzheimer-Demenz (ADD) hat durch die Entdeckung der Blutbiomarker eine neue Bedeutung gewonnen. Blutbiomarker sind günstiger, können vollautomatisiert mit hoher Durchsatzfähigkeit gemessen werden, sind weniger invasiv und ermöglichen eine schnellere Information über spezifische Demenzbiomarker als derzeitige in der klinischen Routine angewandte Verfahren wie die Amyloid-Positronen Emission Tomographie (PET) oder die Liquor Untersuchung über pathologische Veränderungen der Alzheimer-Krankheit (AD) bei Patienten mit kognitiven Einschränkungen. Ziel dieser Übersicht ist die Darstellung des Mehrwerts blutbasierter Biomarker zur Frühdiagnostik der ADD. Es werden einzelne Blutbiomarker hinsichtlich deren diagnostischer Sicherheit und prädiktiver Wertigkeit für die Diagnose einer AD bei Vorstufen einer ADD von subjektiv kognitiver Beeinträchtigung (SCD) bis hin zur leichten kognitiven Beeinträchtigung (MCI) dargestellt. Zudem werden die revidierten Kriterien für die Diagnose und die Stadieneinteilung der AD diskutiert. Als spezifische Biomarker der Frühdiagnostik einer AD werden Marker einer Tau-Pathologie wie ein phosphoryliertes Tau Protein 217 (p-tau217), ein phosphoryliertes Tau Protein 181 (p-tau181), ein phosphoryliertes Tau Protein 231 (p-tau231), aber auch Amyloid-β (Aβ) Marker wie die Ratio aus Aβ1-42/ 1-40 beschrieben. Darüber hinaus werden neue vielversprechende Amyloid Peptidquotienten als wie die Aβ-3-42/-3-40 erörtert, die mehr Einblicke in die Pathogenese der AD ergeben könnten, da diese N-terminal elongierten Aβ Peptide über einen biochemisch von Oligodendroglia-abhängigen Pfad (ADAMTS4=disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4) von dem Amyloid Vorläufer Protein gespalten werden, der aufgrund der Oligodendroglia-Beteiligung wichtig bei der AD-Pathophysiologie ist. Zudem werden neue vielversprechende zusammengesetzte Hybrid-Ratios erläutert, die Vorteile in der Frühdiagnostik der AD ergeben könnten wie der AT217-Begriff oder der AT181-Begriff, der Aβ1-40 zu Aβ1-42 ins Verhältnis setzt und mit p-tau217 beziehungsweise p-tau181 multipliziert. Insgesamt liefert die Übersichtsarbeit somit einen Überblick über das Potenzial von Blutbiomarkern bei der Frühdiagnostik der ADD, die jedoch nicht alleine zur Frühdiagnostik, sondern immer in der Zusammenschau mit anderen Untersuchungen wie dem Liquor evaluiert werden sollten.
Abstract
The early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (ADD) has gained new significance through the further discovery of blood biomarkers. Blood biomarkers are less expensive, can be measured fully automatically with high throughput, are less invasive and provide faster information on specific dementia biomarkers than current methods used in routine clinical practice such as amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) or CSF examination of underlying pathological changes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in patients with cognitive impairment. The aim of this review is to provide a presentation of the added value of blood-based biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ADD. Individual blood biomarkers are presented regarding their diagnostic reliability and predictive value for the diagnosis of AD in precursors of ADD ranging from subjective cognitive impairment (SCD) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In addition, the revised criteria for the diagnosis and staging of AD are discussed. Markers of tau pathology such as a phosphorylated tau protein 217 (p-tau217), a phosphorylated tau protein 181 (p-tau181), a phosphorylated tau protein 231 (p-tau231), but also amyloid-β (Aβ) markers such as the ratio of Aβ1-42/ 1-40 are described as specific biomarkers for the early diagnosis of AD. In addition, new amyloid peptide ratios such as Aβ-3-42/-3-40 are discussed, which may provide more insights into the pathogenesis of AD, as this N-terminal elongated Aβ peptides are cleaved from the amyloid precursor protein via a biochemical oligodendroglia-dependent pathway (ADAMTS4=disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4), which is important in AD pathophysiology due to oligodendroglia involvement. In addition, new promising composite hybrid ratios are explained, which could provide advantages in the early diagnosis of AD, such as the AT217-term or the AT181-term, which relates Aβ1-40 to Aβ1-42 and multiplies it by p-tau217 and p-tau181, respectively. Overall, the review provides an overview of the potential of blood biomarkers in the early diagnosis of ADD. However, these biomarkers should not be used alone for early diagnosis, but should always be evaluated in conjunction with other tests such as cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
Publikationsverlauf
Eingereicht: 25. November 2024
Angenommen nach Revision: 02. September 2025
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
06. November 2025
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