Free Flap Reconstruction Following Mohs Surgery: Our Approach to Complex Skin Cancer on the Scalp

Abstract

Background

Scalp reconstruction following Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) presents significant challenges when defects are complicated by radiation, extensive defect size and depth, and the use of implants. As a result, free flap reconstruction may provide optimal coverage for these complex cases. This study aims to highlight free flap reconstruction as an effective approach for treating complicated scalp defects after MMS and to identify risk factors associated with complications.

Methods

A single-center retrospective chart review of patients who underwent MMS and subsequent free flap reconstruction of the scalp between March 2010 and June 2024 was conducted. Demographics, comorbidities, and perioperative details were collected and analyzed. Scalp defect complexity was categorized based on factors such as radiation exposure, defect size, and depth, and implant use. Outcomes were compared between patients with complex and noncomplex defects. Multivariate regression analysis and comparative analysis were performed.

Results

Sixty free flaps in 56 patients were included in our study. Most skin cancers were basal cell carcinoma (BCC; 64%) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 23%), located predominantly on the vertex or multi-focally throughout scalp. The median defect size was 112 cm² (IQR: 65.3–169). The anterolateral thigh (58.3%) and latissimus dorsi flaps (38.3%) were commonly used for reconstruction. Age and body mass index were associated with higher overall complication rates, while comorbidities, cancer diagnosis, lesion locations, and flap types were not. Highly complex defects were associated with significantly higher incidences of delayed wound healing (OR: 26.2, p = 0.0182) and dehiscence (OR: 9.94, p = 0.0242).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates a comprehensive exploration of free flap reconstruction as a standard treatment for complicated scalp defects following MMS, highlighting its efficacy and identifying risk factors for complications. Our findings underscore the importance of a collaborative approach between microsurgeons and Mohs surgeons to optimize patient outcomes in the treatment of challenging scalp defects.

Keywords

Mohs micrographic surgery - scalp reconstruction - free flaps

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 10. Juni 2025

Angenommen: 09. September 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
17. September 2025

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
08. Oktober 2025

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