EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part III – Abdominal Treatment Procedures (Long Version)

Abstract

The third part of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS) assesses the evidence for ultrasound-guided and assisted interventions in abdominal treatment procedures. Recommendations for clinical practice are presented covering indications, contraindications, and safe and effective performance of the broad variety of these techniques. In particular, drainage of abscesses and fluid collections, interventional tumor ablation techniques, interventional treatment of symptomatic cysts and echinococcosis, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage, percutaneous gastrostomy, urinary bladder drainage, and nephrostomy are addressed (long version).

Zusammenfassung

Der dritte Teil der Leitlinien der European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) zur interventionellen Sonografie (INVUS) bewertet die Evidenz für transkutane sonografisch gestützte und assistierte therapeutische Interventionen im Abdomen. Auf der Grundlage publizierter Daten werden zu Indikationen, Kontraindikationen sowie zur sicheren und effizienten Durchführung Empfehlungen für die klinische Praxis gegeben. Berücksichtigung finden die sonografisch geführte Drainage von Abszessen und Flüssigkeitsansammlungen, Tumorablationstechniken, transkutane Zystensklerosierung symptomatischer Zysten und der Echinokokkose, die perkutane transhepatische Cholangiografie und Drainage, die perkutane Gastrostomie, die Harnblasenpunktion und Drainage sowie die Nephrostomie (Langversion).

Key words

guideline - ultrasound guidance - abscess - hepatocellular carcinoma - liver metastases - cysts - radio frequency ablation - drainage - safety

• References

• 1 Lorentzen T, Nolsoe CP, Ewertsen C et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound, Part I: General Aspects. Ultraschall in Med 2015; 36: 464-472
• 2 Sidhu PS, Brabrand K, Cantisani V et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part II: Diagnostic Ultrasound Guided Interventional Procedures. Ultraschall in Med 2015; in press
• 3 Jenssen C, Hocke M, Fusaroli P et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part IV: EUS-guided Interventions: General Aspects and EUS-guided Sampling. Ultraschall in Med 2015; in press
• 4 Fusaroli P, Jenssen C, Hocke M et al. EFSUMB INVUS Guidelines, Part V: EUS-guided Therapeutic Interventions. Ultraschall in Med 2015; in press
• 5 Jenssen C, Brkljacic B, Hocke M et al. EFSUMB Guidelines on Interventional Ultrasound (INVUS), Part VI: Ultrasound-Guided Vascular Interventions. Ultraschall in Med 2015; in press
• 6 Dietrich CF, Lorentzen T, Sidhu PS et al. An introduction into the EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound. Ultraschall in Med 2015; 36: 460-463
• 7 Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver--update 2012: a WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 11-29
• 8 Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI et al. Guidelines and good clinical practice recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the liver – update 2012: A WFUMB-EFSUMB initiative in cooperation with representatives of AFSUMB, AIUM, ASUM, FLAUS and ICUS. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013; 39: 187-210
• 9 Dietrich CF, Cui XW, Chiorean L et al. Local ablative procedures of the liver. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 579-590
• 10 Gillams A, Goldberg N, Ahmed M et al. Thermal ablation of colorectal liver metastases: a position paper by an international panel of ablation experts, the interventional oncology sans frontieres meeting 2013. Eur Radiol 2015;
• 11 Pacella CM, Francica G, Di Lascio FM et al. Long-term outcome of cirrhotic patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous laser ablation: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 2615-2621
• 12 Livraghi T, Bolondi L, Lazzaroni S et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. A study on 207 patients. Cancer 1992; 69: 925-929
• 13 Lencioni R. Loco-regional treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2010; 52: 762-773
• 14 Cucchetti A, Piscaglia F, Cescon M et al. Systematic review of surgical resection vs radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 4106-4118
• 15 Ahmed M, Solbiati L, Brace CL et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria--a 10-year update. Radiology 2014; 273: 241-260
• 16 Dietrich CF, Albrecht T, Bernatik T et al. Lokal ablative Verfahren von Lebertumoren; Radiofrequenzablation (RFA). In: Dietrich CF, Nurnberg D, eds. Interventionelle Sonographie. Thieme Verlag; 2011: 264-282
• 17 Dietrich CF, Braden B, Hocke M. Lokal ablative Verfahren, Perkutane Alkoholinjektion. In: Dietrich CF, Nurnberg D, eds. Interventionelle Sonographie. Thieme Verlag; 2011: 257-263
• 18 Ebert MP, Auernhammer C, Caca K et al. Gastrointestinal oncology – therapy update 2008 / 2009. Z Gastroenterol 2009; 47: 296-306
• 19 Greten TF, Malek NP, Schmidt S et al. Diagnosis of and therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 1269-1326
• 20 Abi-Jaoudeh N, Duffy AG, Greten TF et al. Personalized oncology in interventional radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013; 24: 1083-1092
• 21 Vivarelli M, Guglielmi A, Ruzzenente A et al. Surgical resection versus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrhotic liver. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 102-107
• 22 Ruzzenente A, Guglielmi A, Sandri M et al. Surgical resection versus local ablation for HCC on cirrhosis: results from a propensity case-matched study. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16: 301-311
• 23 Dietrich CF, Braden B. Perkutane Zystensklerosierung. In: Dietrich CF, Nuernberg D, eds. Interventionelle Sonographie. Thieme; 2011: 233-239
• 24 Carrafiello G, Lagana D, Cotta E et al. Radiofrequency ablation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: preliminary experience. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010; 33: 835-839
• 25 Mazziotti A, Grazi GL, Gardini A et al. An appraisal of percutaneous treatment of liver metastases. Liver Transpl Surg 1998; 4: 271-275
• 26 Ploeckinger U, Kloeppel G, Wiedenmann B et al. The German NET-registry: an audit on the diagnosis and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2009; 90: 349-363
• 27 Auernhammer CJ, Jauch KW, Hoffmann JN. [Liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumours of the gastroenteropancreatic system--therapeutic strategies]. Zentralbl Chir 2009; 134: 410-417
• 28 Atwell TD, Charboneau JW, Que FG et al. Treatment of neuroendocrine cancer metastatic to the liver: the role of ablative techniques. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 28: 409-421
• 29 Siperstein AE, Berber E. Cryoablation, percutaneous alcohol injection, and radiofrequency ablation for treatment of neuroendocrine liver metastases. World J Surg 2001; 25: 693-696
• 30 Illing R, Gillams A. Radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of breast cancer liver metastases. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2010; 22: 781-784
• 31 Solbiati L, Ahmed M, Cova L et al. Small liver colorectal metastases treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: local response rate and long-term survival with up to 10-year follow-up. Radiology 2012; 265: 958-968
• 32 Meloni MF, Andreano A, Laeseke PF et al. Breast cancer liver metastases: US-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation--intermediate and long-term survival rates. Radiology 2009; 253: 861-869
• 33 Nikfarjam M, Shereef S, Kimchi ET et al. Survival outcomes of patients with colorectal liver metastases following hepatic resection or ablation in the era of effective chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 1860-1867
• 34 Pox C, Schmiegel W, Reinacher-Schick A. Colorectal carcinoma: what's new?. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2012; 137: 2577-2580
• 35 Pox C, Aretz S, Bischoff SC et al. S3-guideline colorectal cancer version 1.0. Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 753-854
• 36 Miller G, Biernacki P, Kemeny NE et al. Outcomes after resection of synchronous or metachronous hepatic and pulmonary colorectal metastases. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 205: 231-238
• 37 Adam R, Avisar E, Ariche A et al. Five-year survival following hepatic resection after neoadjuvant therapy for nonresectable colorectal. Ann Surg Oncol 2001; 8: 347-353
• 38 Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN. Chemotherapy prior to hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases: helpful until harmful?. Dig Surg 2008; 25: 421-429
• 39 Abdalla EK. Commentary: Radiofrequency ablation for colorectal liver metastases: do not blame the biology when it is the technology. Am J Surg 2009; 197: 737-739
• 40 Evrard S, Poston G, Kissmeyer-Nielsen P et al. Combined Ablation and Resection (CARe) as an Effective Parenchymal Sparing Treatment for Extensive Colorectal Liver Metastases. PLoS One 2014; 9: e114404
• 41 Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni F et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases in potential candidates for resection: the "test-of-time approach". Cancer 2003; 97: 3027-3035
• 42 Rossi S, Di Stasi M, Buscarini E et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency interstitial thermal ablation in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer J Sci Am 1995; 1: 73-81
• 43 Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Lazzaroni S et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with radio-frequency ablation versus ethanol injection. Radiology 1999; 210: 655-661
• 44 Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S et al. Nonsurgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: from percutaneous ethanol injection therapy and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy to radiofrequency ablation. Oncology 2002; 62: 64-68
• 45 Sugiura N, Takara K, Ohto M et al. Percutaneous intratumoral injection of ethanol under ultrasound imaging for treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Hepatol Jpn 1983; 24: 920
• 46 Livraghi T, Festi D, Monti F et al. US-guided percutaneous alcohol injection of small hepatic and abdominal tumors. Radiology 1986; 161: 309-312
• 47 Shiina S, Tagawa K, Niwa Y et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: results in 146 patients. Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160: 1023-1028
• 48 Seki T, Wakabayashi M, Nakagawa T et al. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1994; 74: 817-825
• 49 Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R et al. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 693-699
• 50 Omata M, Lesmana LA, Tateishi R et al. Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver consensus recommendations on hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int 2010; 4: 439-474
• 51 Clasen S, Geng A, Herberts T et al. Internally cooled bipolar radiofrequency ablation: is a lower power output more effective?. Rofo 2007; 179: 282-288
• 52 Seror O, N'Kontchou G, Ibraheem M et al. Large (>or=5.0-cm) HCCs: multipolar RF ablation with three internally cooled bipolar electrodes--initial experience in 26 patients. Radiology 2008; 248: 288-296
• 53 Curley SA, Izzo F, Ellis LM et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular cancer in 110 patients with cirrhosis. Ann Surg 2000; 232: 381-391
• 54 Imamura J, Tateishi R, Shiina S et al. Neoplastic seeding after radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 3057-3062
• 55 Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Lazzaroni S et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: radio-frequency ablation of medium and large lesions. Radiology 2000; 214: 761-768
• 56 Yin XY, Xie XY, Lu MD et al. Percutaneous thermal ablation of medium and large hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term outcome and prognostic factors. Cancer 2009; 115: 1914-1923
• 57 Buscarini L, Buscarini E, Di Stasi M et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of small hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results. Eur Radiol 2001; 11: 914-921
• 58 Lu DS, Yu NC, Raman SS et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment success as defined by histologic examination of the explanted liver. Radiology 2005; 234: 954-960
• 59 Tateishi R, Shiina S, Teratani T et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. An analysis of 1000 cases. Cancer 2005; 103: 1201-1209
• 60 N'Kontchou G, Mahamoudi A, Aout M et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results and prognostic factors in 235 Western patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2009; 50: 1475-1483
• 61 Chen MH, Yang W, Yan K et al. Large liver tumors: protocol for radiofrequency ablation and its clinical application in 110 patients--mathematic model, overlapping mode, and electrode placement process. Radiology 2004; 232: 260-271
• 62 Bale R, Widmann G, Haidu M. Stereotactic Radiofrequency Ablation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2010;
• 63 Rossi S, Buscarini E, Garbagnati F et al. Percutaneous treatment of small hepatic tumors by an expandable RF needle electrode. Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170: 1015-1022
• 64 Shirato K, Morimoto M, Tomita N et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: therapeutic effectiveness of percutaneous radio frequency ablation therapy with a LeVeen needle electrode. J Ultrasound Med 2002; 21: 67-76
• 65 Goldberg SN, Kamel IR, Kruskal JB et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors: increased tumor destruction with adjuvant liposomal doxorubicin therapy. Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179: 93-101
• 66 Sainani NI, Gervais DA, Mueller PR et al. Imaging after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors: Part 1, Normal findings. Am J Roentgenol 2013; 200: 184-193
• 67 Komorizono Y, Oketani M, Sako K et al. Risk factors for local recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma tumors after a single session, single application of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Cancer 2003; 97: 1253-1262
• 68 Llovet JM, Vilana R, Bru C et al. Increased risk of tumor seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for single hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1124-1129
• 69 Teratani T, Yoshida H, Shiina S et al. Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma in so-called high-risk locations. Hepatology 2006; 43: 1101-1108
• 70 Ritz JP, Lehmann K, Isbert C et al. Effectivity of laser-induced thermotherapy: in vivo comparison of arterial microembolization and complete hepatic inflow occlusion. Lasers Surg Med 2005; 36: 238-244
• 71 Kim SW, Rhim H, Park M et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinomas adjacent to the gallbladder with internally cooled electrodes: assessment of safety and therapeutic efficacy. Korean J Radiol 2009; 10: 366-376
• 72 Kang TW, Rhim H, Kim EY et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for the hepatocellular carcinoma abutting the diaphragm: assessment of safety and therapeutic efficacy. Korean J Radiol 2009; 10: 34-42
• 73 Head HW, Dodd III GD, Dalrymple NC et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatic tumors against the diaphragm: frequency of diaphragmatic injury. Radiology 2007; 243: 877-884
• 74 Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Celli N et al. Tumor dissemination after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2001; 34: 608-610
• 75 Kim YJ, Raman SS, Yu NC et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: can subcapsular tumors be safely ablated?. Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190: 1029-1034
• 76 Sartori S, Tombesi P, Macario F et al. Subcapsular liver tumors treated with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation: a prospective comparison with nonsubcapsular liver tumors for safety and effectiveness. Radiology 2008; 248: 670-679
• 77 Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN, Ellis LM et al. Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 2004; 239: 818-825
• 78 Wang Y, Luo Q, Li Y et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinomas: a meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2014; 9: e84484
• 79 Chen MS, Li JQ, Zheng Y et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 2006; 243: 321-328
• 80 Huang J, Yan L, Cheng Z et al. A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria. Ann Surg 2010; 252: 903-912
• 81 Feng K, Yan J, Li X et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012; 57: 794-802
• 82 Livraghi T, Meloni F, Di Stasi M et al. Sustained complete response and complications rates after radiofrequency ablation of very early hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: Is resection still the treatment of choice?. Hepatology 2008; 47: 82-89
• 83 Arii S, Yamaoka Y, Futagawa S et al. Results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for small-sized hepatocellular carcinomas: a retrospective and nationwide survey in Japan. The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan. Hepatology 2000; 32: 1224-1229
• 84 Castells A, Bruix J, Bru C et al. Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: a cohort study comparing surgical resection and percutaneous ethanol injection. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1121-1126
• 85 Livraghi T, Bolondi L, Buscarini L et al. No treatment, resection and ethanol injection in hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of survival in 391 patients with cirrhosis. Italian Cooperative HCC Study Group. J Hepatol 1995; 22: 522-526
• 86 Ryu M, Shimamura Y, Kinoshita T et al. Therapeutic results of resection, transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous transhepatic ethanol injection in 3225 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective multicenter study. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1997; 27: 251-257
• 87 Guglielmi A, Ruzzenente A, Valdegamberi A et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12: 192-198
• 88 Weis S, Franke A, Mossner J et al. Radiofrequency (thermal) ablation versus no intervention or other interventions for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 12: CD003046
• 89 Cucchetti A, Piscaglia F, Cescon M et al. An explorative data-analysis to support the choice between hepatic resection and radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2014; 46: 257-263
• 90 Machi J, Bueno RS, Wong LL. Long-term follow-up outcome of patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 2005; 29: 1364-1373
• 91 Lencioni R, Cioni D, Crocetti L et al. Early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: long-term results of percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation. Radiology 2005; 234: 961-967
• 92 Cabassa P, Donato F, Simeone F et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term experience with expandable needle electrodes. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: S316-S321
• 93 Yan K, Chen MH, Yang W et al. Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term outcome and prognostic factors. Eur J Radiol 2008; 67: 336-347
• 94 Kasugai H, Osaki Y, Oka H et al. Severe complications of radiofrequency ablation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of 3891 ablations in 2614 patients. Oncology 2007; 72: 72-75
• 95 Shiina S, Tagawa K, Unuma T et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. A histopathologic study. Cancer 1991; 68: 1524-1530
• 96 Fujimoto T. The experimental and clinical studies of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) under ultrasonography for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Hepato JPN 1988; 29: 52
• 97 Lin DY, Lin SM, Liaw YF. Non-surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 12: S319-S328
• 98 Hasegawa S, Yamasaki N, Hiwaki T et al. Factors that predict intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in 81 patients initially treated by percutaneous ethanol injection. Cancer 1999; 86: 1682-1690
• 99 Livraghi T, Benedini V, Lazzaroni S et al. Long term results of single session percutaneous ethanol injection in patients with large hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 83: 48-57
• 100 Pompili M, Rapaccini GL, Covino M et al. Prognostic factors for survival in patients with compensated cirrhosis and small hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy. Cancer 2001; 92: 126-135
• 101 Sung YM, Choi D, Lim HK et al. Long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. Korean J Radiol 2006; 7: 187-192
• 102 Livraghi T, Giorgio A, Marin G et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis in 746 patients: long-term results of percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 1995; 197: 101-108
• 103 Dietrich CF, Hocke M, Jenssen C. Ultrasound for abdominal lymphadenopathy. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2013; 138: 1001-1018
• 104 Brunello F, Veltri A, Carucci P et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus ethanol injection for early hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43: 727-735
• 105 Lencioni RA, Allgaier HP, Cioni D et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: randomized comparison of radio-frequency thermal ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection. Radiology 2003; 228: 235-240
• 106 Yin XY, Lu MD. Percutaneous ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 3: 121-130
• 107 Huo TI, Huang YH, Wu JC et al. Comparison of percutaneous acetic acid injection and percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients: a prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 770-778
• 108 Lin SM, Lin CJ, Lin CC et al. Randomised controlled trial comparing percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, and percutaneous acetic acid injection to treat hepatocellular carcinoma of 3 cm or less. Gut 2005; 54: 1151-1156
• 109 Shiina S, Teratani T, Obi S et al. A randomized controlled trial of radiofrequency ablation with ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 122-130
• 110 Lin SM, Lin CJ, Lin CC et al. Radiofrequency ablation improves prognosis compared with ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma < or =4 cm. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 1714-1723
• 111 Orlando A, Leandro G, Olivo M et al. Radiofrequency thermal ablation vs. percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 514-524
• 112 Yang B, Zan RY, Wang SY et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13: 96
• 113 Cho YK, Kim JK, Kim MY et al. Systematic review of randomized trials for hepatocellular carcinoma treated with percutaneous ablation therapies. Hepatology 2009; 49: 453-459
• 114 Giorgio A, Di Sarno A, De Stefano G et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma compared to percutaneous ethanol injection in treatment of cirrhotic patients: an Italian randomized controlled trial. Anticancer Res 2011; 31: 2291-2295
• 115 Germani G, Pleguezuelo M, Gurusamy K et al. Clinical outcomes of radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous alcohol and acetic acid injection for hepatocelullar carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2010; 52: 380-388
• 116 Bouza C, Lopez-Cuadrado T, Alcazar R et al. Meta-analysis of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus ethanol injection in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9: 31
• 117 Omata M, Tateishi R, Yoshida H et al. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by percutaneous tumor ablation methods: Ethanol injection therapy and radiofrequency ablation. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: S159-S166
• 118 Sala M, Llovet JM, Vilana R et al. Initial response to percutaneous ablation predicts survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1352-1360
• 119 Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma: alive or dead?. J Hepatol 2005; 43: 377-380
• 120 Liang P, Dong B, Yu X et al. Prognostic factors for survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous microwave ablation. Radiology 2005; 235: 299-307
• 121 Liang P, Wang Y. Microwave ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 2007; 72: 124-131
• 122 Liang P, Wang Y, Yu X et al. Malignant liver tumors: treatment with percutaneous microwave ablation--complications among cohort of 1136 patients. Radiology 2009; 251: 933-940
• 123 Lu MD, Xu HX, Xie XY et al. Percutaneous microwave and radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective comparative study. J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 1054-1060
• 124 Ohmoto K, Miyake I, Tsuduki M et al. Percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46: 2894-2900
• 125 Sato M, Watanabe Y, Ueda S et al. Microwave coagulation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1507-1514
• 126 Dong B, Liang P, Yu X et al. Percutaneous sonographically guided microwave coagulation therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: results in 234 patients. Am J Roentgenol 2003; 180: 1547-1555
• 127 Martin RC, Scoggins CR, McMasters KM. Safety and efficacy of microwave ablation of hepatic tumors: a prospective review of a 5-year experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 171-178
• 128 Yamashiki N, Kato T, Bejarano PA et al. Histopathological changes after microwave coagulation therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: review of 15 explanted livers. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2052-2059
• 129 Shibata T, Iimuro Y, Yamamoto Y et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of radio-frequency ablation and percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy. Radiology 2002; 223: 331-337
• 130 Livraghi T, Meloni F, Solbiati L et al. Complications of microwave ablation for liver tumors: results of a multicenter study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012; 35: 868-874
• 131 Brunello F, Cantamessa A, Gaia S et al. Radiofrequency ablation: technical and clinical long-term outcomes for single hepatocellular carcinoma up to 30 mm. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 25: 842-849
• 132 Ferrari FS, Megliola A, Scorzelli A et al. Treatment of small HCC through radiofrequency ablation and laser ablation. Comparison of techniques and long-term results. Radiol Med 2007; 112: 377-393
• 133 Pacella CM, Bizzarri G, Magnolfi F et al. Laser thermal ablation in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma: results in 74 patients. Radiology 2001; 221: 712-720
• 134 Pacella CM, Bizzarri G, Francica G et al. Percutaneous laser ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with small tumors: analysis of factors affecting the achievement of tumor necrosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16: 1447-1457
• 135 Lu ZH, Shen F, Yan ZL et al. Treatment of portal vein tumor thrombus of hepatocellular carcinoma with percutaneous laser ablation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135: 783-789
• 136 El-Serag HB, Marrero JA, Rudolph L et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2008; 134: 1752-1763
• 137 Ebara M, Okabe S, Kita K et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: therapeutic efficacy based on 20-year observation. J Hepatol 2005; 43: 458-464
• 138 Khan KN, Yatsuhashi H, Yamasaki K et al. Prospective analysis of risk factors for early intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma following ethanol injection. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 269-278
• 139 Koda M, Murawaki Y, Mitsuda A et al. Predictive factors for intrahepatic recurrence after percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88: 529-537
• 140 Kim YJ, Lee MW, Park HS. Small hepatocellular carcinomas: ultrasonography guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation. Abdom Imaging 2013; 38: 98-111
• 141 Rajesh S, Mukund A, Arora A et al. Contrast-enhanced US-guided radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013; 24: 1235-1240
• 142 Choi D, Lim HK, Lee WJ et al. Early assessment of the therapeutic response to radio frequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: utility of gray scale harmonic ultrasonography with a microbubble contrast agent. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 1163-1172
• 143 Minami Y, Kudo M, Chung H et al. Contrast harmonic sonography-guided radiofrequency ablation therapy versus B-mode sonography in hepatocellular carcinoma: prospective randomized controlled trial. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 489-494
• 144 van Duijnhoven FH, Jansen MC, Junggeburt JM et al. Factors influencing the local failure rate of radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 13: 651-658
• 145 Alvarez-Sanchez MV, Jenssen C, Faiss S et al. Interventional endoscopic ultrasonography: an overview of safety and complications. Surg Endosc 2014; 28: 712-734
• 146 Jenssen C, Dietrich CF. Kontraindikationen, Komplikationen, Komplikationsmanagment. In: Dietrich CF, Nuernberg D, eds. Interventionelle Sonographie. Thieme Verlag; 2011: 127-160
• 147 Takaki H, Yamakado K, Nakatsuka A et al. Frequency of and risk factors for complications after liver radiofrequency ablation under CT fluoroscopic guidance in 1500 sessions: single-center experience. Am J Roentgenol 2013; 200: 658-664
• 148 Evrard S, Brouste V, McKelvie-Sebileau P et al. Liver metastases in close contact to hepatic veins ablated under vascular exclusion. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 39: 1400-1406
• 149 Desolneux G, Vara J, Razafindratsira T et al. Patterns of complications following intraoperative radiofrequency ablation for liver metastases. HPB (Oxford) 2014; 16: 1002-1008
• 150 Schwartz A, Desolneux G, Desjardin M et al. Symptomatic diaphragmatic hernia after pulmonary radiofrequency ablation. J Visc Surg 2013; 150: 157-158
• 151 Curley SA. Radiofrequency ablation of malignant liver tumors. Oncologist 2001; 6: 14-23
• 152 Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni MF et al. Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. Radiology 2003; 226: 441-451
• 153 de Baère T, Risse O, Kuoch V et al. Adverse events during radiofrequency treatment of 582 hepatic tumors. Am J Roentgenol 2003; 181: 695-700
• 154 Stigliano R, Marelli L, Yu D et al. Seeding following percutaneous diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma. What is the risk and the outcome? Seeding risk for percutaneous approach of HCC. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33: 437-447
• 155 Di Stasi M, Buscarini L, Livraghi T et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. A multicenter survey of evaluation practices and complication rates. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 1168-1173
• 156 Livraghi T, Lazzaroni S, Meloni F et al. Risk of tumour seeding after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg 2005; 92: 856-858
• 157 Arienti V, Pretolani S, Goldberg SN et al. How to report and compare complications of image-guided ablation therapies: comments on seeding and the use of a sole common denominator for liver tumors. Radiology 2006; 241: 625-626
• 158 Chang S, Kim SH, Lim HK et al. Needle tract implantation after percutaneous interventional procedures in hepatocellular carcinomas: lessons learned from a 10-year experience. Korean J Radiol 2008; 9: 268-274
• 159 Ozdil B, Akkiz H, Sandikci M et al. Giant subcutaneous HCC case occurring after percutaneous ethanol injection. Turk J Gastroenterol 2009; 20: 301-302
• 160 Cedrone A, Rapaccini GL, Pompili M et al. Neoplastic seeding complicating percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Radiology 1992; 183: 787-788
• 161 EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 908-943
• 162 Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19: 329-338
• 163 Llovet JM, Di Bisceglie AM, Bruix J et al. Design and endpoints of clinical trials in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 698-711
• 164 Verslype C, Rosmorduc O, Rougier P et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO-ESDO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2012; 23: vii41-vii48
• 165 Bruix J, Sherman M. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 2011; 53: 1020-1022
• 166 Lei JY, Wang WT, Yan LN et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus surgical resection for small unifocal hepatocellular carcinomas. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93: e271
• 167 Garavoglia M, Oldani A, Gentilli S et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus surgical radiofrequency-assisted nodulectomy in treatment of small single nodes of hepatocellular carcinoma: our experience. Minerva Chir 2013; 68: 367-375
• 168 Forner A, Llovet JM, Bruix J. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet 2012; 379: 1245-1255
• 169 Akamatsu M, Yoshida H, Obi S et al. Evaluation of transcatheter arterial embolization prior to percutaneous tumor ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Liver Int 2004; 24: 625-629
• 170 Iezzi R, Pompili M, La Torre MF et al. Radiofrequency ablation plus drug-eluting beads transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of single large hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2014;
• 171 Yan S, Xu D, Sun B. Combination of radiofrequency ablation with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57: 3026-3031
• 172 Ni JY, Liu SS, Xu LF et al. Transarterial chemoembolization combined with percutaneous radiofrequency ablation versus TACE and PRFA monotherapy in the treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139: 653-659
• 173 Ni JY, Liu SS, Xu LF et al. Meta-analysis of radiofrequency ablation in combination with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 3872-3882
• 174 Wang JH, Wang CC, Hung CH et al. Survival comparison between surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation for patients in BCLC very early/early stage hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012; 56: 412-418
• 175 Hasegawa K, Makuuchi M, Takayama T et al. Surgical resection vs. percutaneous ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a preliminary report of the Japanese nationwide survey. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 589-594
• 176 Cucchetti A, Piscaglia F, Cescon M et al. Cost-effectiveness of hepatic resection versus percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for early hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2013; 59: 300-307
• 177 Lu MD, Kuang M, Liang LJ et al. Surgical resection versus percutaneous thermal ablation for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2006; 86: 801-805
• 178 Kuang M, Lu MD, Xie XY et al. Ethanol ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma Up to 5.0 cm by using a multipronged injection needle with high-dose strategy. Radiology 2009; 253: 552-561
• 179 Kudo M. Radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: updated review in 2010. Oncology 2010; 78: 113-124
• 180 Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Li B et al. Meta-analysis of radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10: 78
• 181 Ishii H, Okada S, Nose H et al. Local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after percutaneous ethanol injection. Cancer 1996; 77: 1792-1796
• 182 Cheng BQ, Jia CQ, Liu CT et al. Chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 3 cm: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299: 1669-1677
• 183 Kobayashi M, Ikeda K, Kawamura Y et al. Randomized controlled trial for the efficacy of hepatic arterial occlusion during radiofrequency ablation for small hepatocellular carcinoma--direct ablative effects and a long-term outcome. Liver Int 2007; 27: 353-359
• 184 Poon RT, Fan ST, Ng IO et al. Different risk factors and prognosis for early and late intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 89: 500-507
• 185 Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM et al. Improving survival results after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study of 377 patients over 10 years. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 63-70
• 186 Poon RT, Fan ST, Tsang FH et al. Locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: a critical review from the surgeon's perspective. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 466-486
• 187 Hakime A, Hines-Peralta A, Peddi H et al. Combination of radiofrequency ablation with antiangiogenic therapy for tumor ablation efficacy: study in mice. Radiology 2007; 244: 464-470
• 188 Mertens JC, Martin IV, Schmitt J et al. Multikinase inhibitor sorafenib transiently promotes necrosis after radiofrequency ablation in rat liver but activates growth signals. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 1601-1606
• 189 Bruix J, Takayama T, Mazzaferro V et al. STORM: A phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant sorafenib after resection or ablation to prevent recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). ASCO Meeting Abstracts 2014; 32: 4006
• 190 Kanas GP, Taylor A, Primrose JN et al. Survival after liver resection in metastatic colorectal cancer: review and meta-analysis of prognostic factors. Clin Epidemiol 2012; 4: 283-301
• 191 Bradley AL, Chapman WC, Wright JK et al. Surgical experience with hepatic colorectal metastasis. Am Surg 1999; 65: 560-566
• 192 Doci R, Gennari L, Bignami P et al. One hundred patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer treated by resection: analysis of prognostic determinants. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 797-801
• 193 Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL et al. Clinical score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 1999; 230: 309-318
• 194 Ohlsson B, Stenram U, Tranberg KG. Resection of colorectal liver metastases: 25-year experience. World J Surg 1998; 22: 268-276
• 195 Scheele J, Stangl R, Altendorf-Hofmann A et al. Indicators of prognosis after hepatic resection for colorectal secondaries. Surgery 1991; 110: 13-29
• 196 Wagner JS, Adson MA, Van Heerden JA et al. The natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. A comparison with resective treatment. Ann Surg 1984; 199: 502-508
• 197 Neumann UP, Seehofer D, Neuhaus P. The surgical treatment of hepatic metastases in colorectal carcinoma. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2010; 107: 335-342
• 198 Schmiegel W, Pox C, Reinacher-Schick A et al. S3 guidelines for colorectal carcinoma: results of an evidence-based consensus conference on February 6/7, 2004 and June 8/9, 2007 (for the topics IV, VI and VII). Z Gastroenterol 2010; 48: 65-136
• 199 Park IJ, Kim HC, Yu CS et al. Radiofrequency ablation for metachronous liver metastasis from colorectal cancer after curative surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15: 227-232
• 200 Lorentzen T, Skjoldbye BO, Nolsoe CP. Microwave ablation of liver metastases guided by contrast-enhanced ultrasound: experience with 125 metastases in 39 patients. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32: 492-496
• 201 Cho YK, Kim JK, Kim WT et al. Hepatic resection versus radiofrequency ablation for very early stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a Markov model analysis. Hepatology 2010; 51: 1284-1290
• 202 Lee WS, Yun SH, Chun HK et al. Clinical outcomes of hepatic resection and radiofrequency ablation in patients with solitary colorectal liver metastasis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 945-949
• 203 Gillams AR, Lees WR. Five-year survival in 309 patients with colorectal liver metastases treated with radiofrequency ablation. Eur Radiol 2009; 19: 1206-1213
• 204 Gillams AR, Lees WR. Radio-frequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases in 167 patients. Eur Radiol 2004; 14: 2261-2267
• 205 Knudsen AR, Kannerup AS, Mortensen FV et al. Radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases downstaged by chemotherapy. Acta Radiol 2009; 50: 716-721
• 206 Tanis E, Nordlinger B, Mauer M et al. Local recurrence rates after radiofrequency ablation or resection of colorectal liver metastases. Analysis of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer #40004 and #40983. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50: 912-919
• 207 Kim KH, Yoon YS, Yu CS et al. Comparative analysis of radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for colorectal liver metastases. J Korean Surg Soc 2011; 81: 25-34
• 208 Weng M, Zhang Y, Zhou D et al. Radiofrequency ablation versus resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7: e45493
• 209 Bai H, Huangz X, Jing L et al. The effect of radiofrequency ablation vs. liver resection on survival outcome of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM): a meta-analysis. Hepatogastroenterology 2015; 62: 373-377
• 210 Cirocchi R, Trastulli S, Boselli C et al. Radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 6: CD006317
• 211 Ruers T, Punt C, van Coevorden F et al. Radiofrequency ablation combined with systemic treatment versus systemic treatment alone in patients with non-resectable colorectal liver metastases: a randomized EORTC Intergroup phase II study (EORTC 40004). Ann Oncol 2012; 23: 2619-2626
• 212 Curry NS. Small renal masses (lesions smaller than 3 cm): imaging evaluation and management. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 164: 355-362
• 213 Smith SJ, Bosniak MA, Megibow AJ et al. Renal cell carcinoma: earlier discovery and increased detection. Radiology 1989; 170: 699-703
• 214 Jamis-Dow CA, Choyke PL, Jennings SB et al. Small (< or = 3-cm) renal masses: detection with CT versus US and pathologic correlation. Radiology 1996; 198: 785-788
• 215 Amendola MA, Bree RL, Pollack HM et al. Small renal cell carcinomas: resolving a diagnostic dilemma. Radiology 1988; 166: 637-641
• 216 Warshauer DM, McCarthy SM, Street L et al. Detection of renal masses: sensitivities and specificities of excretory urography/linear tomography, US, and CT. Radiology 1988; 169: 363-365
• 217 Robbin ML, Lockhart ME, Barr RG. Renal imaging with ultrasound contrast: current status. Radiol Clin North Am 2003; 41: 963-978
• 218 Provet J, Tessler A, Brown J et al. Partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: indications, results and implications. J Urol 1991; 145: 472-476
• 219 Curti BD. Renal cell carcinoma. JAMA 2004; 292: 97-100
• 220 Jayson M, Sanders H. Increased incidence of serendipitously discovered renal cell carcinoma. Urology 1998; 51: 203-205
• 221 Remzi M, Javadli E, Ozsoy M. Management of small renal masses: a review. World J Urol 2010; 28: 275-281
• 222 Aron M, Gill IS. Minimally invasive nephron-sparing surgery (MINSS) for renal tumours. Part II: probe ablative therapy. Eur Urol 2007; 51: 348-357
• 223 Chawla SN, Crispen PL, Hanlon AL et al. The natural history of observed enhancing renal masses: meta-analysis and review of the world literature. J Urol 2006; 175: 425-431
• 224 Nahum GS, Dupuy DE. Image-guided radiofrequency tumor ablation: challenges and opportunities--part I. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12: 1021-1032
• 225 Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Arellano RS et al. Radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: part 1, Indications, results, and role in patient management over a 6-year period and ablation of 100 tumors. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185: 64-71
• 226 Gervais DA, Arellano RS, McGovern FJ et al. Radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: part 2, Lessons learned with ablation of 100 tumors. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185: 72-80
• 227 Tracy CR, Raman JD, Donnally C et al. Durable oncologic outcomes after radiofrequency ablation: experience from treating 243 small renal masses over 7.5 years. Cancer 2010; 116: 3135-3142
• 228 Zagoria RJ, Traver MA, Werle DM et al. Oncologic efficacy of CT-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinomas. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: 429-436
• 229 Breen DJ, Rutherford EE, Stedman B et al. Management of renal tumors by image-guided radiofrequency ablation: experience in 105 tumors. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 30: 936-942
• 230 Levinson AW, Su LM, Agarwal D et al. Long-term oncological and overall outcomes of percutaneous radio frequency ablation in high risk surgical patients with a solitary small renal mass. J Urol 2008; 180: 499-504
• 231 Stein RJ, Kaouk JH. Renal cryotherapy: a detailed review including a 5-year follow-up. BJU Int 2007; 99: 1265-1270
• 232 Atwell TD, Callstrom MR, Farrell MA et al. Percutaneous renal cryoablation: local control at mean 26 months of followup. J Urol 2010; 184: 1291-1295
• 233 Atwell TD, Farrell MA, Callstrom MR et al. Percutaneous cryoablation of large renal masses: technical feasibility and short-term outcome. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 1195-1200
• 234 Klatte T, Kroeger N, Zimmermann U et al. The contemporary role of ablative treatment approaches in the management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC): focus on radiofrequency ablation (RFA), high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), and cryoablation. World J Urol 2014; 32: 597-605
• 235 El Dib R, Touma NJ, Kapoor A. Cryoablation vs radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of case series studies. BJU Int 2012; 110: 510-516
• 236 Goel RK, Kaouk JH. Probe ablative treatment for small renal masses: cryoablation vs. radio frequency ablation. Curr Opin Urol 2008; 18: 467-473
• 237 Wah TM, Irving HC, Gregory W et al. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC): experience in 200 tumours. BJU Int 2014; 113: 416-428
• 238 Weight CJ, Kaouk JH, Hegarty NJ et al. Correlation of radiographic imaging and histopathology following cryoablation and radio frequency ablation for renal tumors. J Urol 2008; 179: 1277-1281
• 239 Raman JD, Stern JM, Zeltser I et al. Absence of viable renal carcinoma in biopsies performed more than 1 year following radio frequency ablation confirms reliability of axial imaging. J Urol 2008; 179: 2142-2145
• 240 Hui GC, Tuncali K, Tatli S et al. Comparison of percutaneous and surgical approaches to renal tumor ablation: metaanalysis of effectiveness and complication rates. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 19: 1311-1320
• 241 Goldberg SN, Grassi CJ, Cardella JF et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20: S377-S390
• 242 Campbell SC, Novick AC, Belldegrun A et al. Guideline for management of the clinical T1 renal mass. J Urol 2009; 182: 1271-1279
• 243 Psutka SP, Feldman AS, McDougal WS et al. Long-term oncologic outcomes after radiofrequency ablation for T1 renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2013; 63: 486-492
• 244 Kunkle DA, Egleston BL, Uzzo RG. Excise, ablate or observe: the small renal mass dilemma--a meta-analysis and review. J Urol 2008; 179: 1227-1233
• 245 Ljungberg B, Cowan NC, Hanbury DC et al. EAU guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: the 2010 update. Eur Urol 2010; 58: 398-406
• 246 Volpe A, Kachura JR, Geddie WR et al. Techniques, safety and accuracy of sampling of renal tumors by fine needle aspiration and core biopsy. J Urol 2007; 178: 379-386
• 247 Kyle CC, Wingo MS, Carey RI et al. Diagnostic yield of renal biopsy immediately prior to laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation: a multicenter study. J Endourol 2008; 22: 2291-2293
• 248 Kunkle DA, Uzzo RG. Cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation of the small renal mass: a meta-analysis. Cancer 2008; 113: 2671-2680
• 249 Meloni MF, Bertolotto M, Alberzoni C et al. Follow-up after percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: contrast-enhanced sonography versus contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191: 1233-1238
• 250 Kong WT, Zhang WW, Guo HQ et al. Application of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography after radiofrequency ablation for renal cell carcinoma: is it sufficient for assessment of therapeutic response?. Abdom Imaging 2011; 36: 342-347
• 251 Ignee A, Straub B, Brix D et al. The value of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the characterisation of patients with renal masses. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2010; 46: 275-290
• 252 Ignee A, Straub B, Schuessler G et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasound of renal masses. World J Radiol 2010; 2: 15-31
• 253 Neoptolemos JP, Stocken DD, Friess H et al. A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1200-1210
• 254 McWilliams JP, Lee EW, Yamamoto S et al. Image-guided tumor ablation: emerging technologies and future directions. Semin Intervent Radiol 2010; 27: 302-313
• 255 Girelli R, Frigerio I, Salvia R et al. Feasibility and safety of radiofrequency ablation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 220-225
• 256 Wu Y, Tang Z, Fang H et al. High operative risk of cool-tip radiofrequency ablation for unresectable pancreatic head cancer. J Surg Oncol 2006; 94: 392-395
• 257 Spiliotis JD, Datsis AC, Michalopoulos NV et al. Radiofrequency ablation combined with palliative surgery may prolong survival of patients with advanced cancer of the pancreas. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2007; 392: 55-60
• 258 D'Onofrio M, Barbi E, Girelli R et al. Radiofrequency ablation of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: an overview. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 3478-3483
• 259 Fegrachi S, Besselink MG, van Santvoort HC et al. Radiofrequency ablation for unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a systematic review. HPB (Oxford) 2014; 16: 119-123
• 260 Casadei R, Ricci C, Pezzilli R et al. A prospective study on radiofrequency ablation locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2010; 9: 306-311
• 261 Ikuta S, Kurimoto A, Iida H et al. Optimal combination of radiofrequency ablation with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2012; 3: 12-14
• 262 Smith EH, Bartrum Jr RJ. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous aspiration of abscesses. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1974; 122: 308-312
• 263 Wittmann DH, Schein M, Condon RE. Management of secondary peritonitis. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 10-18
• 264 Schein M, Wittmann DH, Wise L et al. Abdominal contamination, infection and sepsis: a continuum. Br J Surg 1997; 84: 269-272
• 265 Holzheimer RG, Mannick JA. Surgical Treatment: Evidence-Based and Problem-Oriented. Munic: 2001
• 266 Kishina M, Koda M, Tokunaga S et al. Usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasound with Sonazoid for evaluating liver abscess in comparison with conventional B-mode ultrasound. Hepatol Res 2014;
• 267 Liu GJ, Lu MD, Xie XY et al. Real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of infected focal liver lesions. J Ultrasound Med 2008; 27: 657-666
• 268 Dietrich CF, Nuernberg D. Interventional Ultrasound: A Practical Guide and Atlas. Stuttgart, New York, Delhi, Rio: Thieme publisher; 2014
• 269 Cai YL, Xiong XZ, Lu J et al. Percutaneous needle aspiration versus catheter drainage in the management of liver abscess: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oxford: HPB; 2014
• 270 Zerem E, Hadzic A. Sonographically guided percutaneous catheter drainage versus needle aspiration in the management of pyogenic liver abscess. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: W138-W142
• 271 Zerem E, Bergsland J. Ultrasound guided percutaneous treatment for splenic abscesses: the significance in treatment of critically ill patients. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 7341-7345
• 272 Lorentzen T, Nolsoe C, Skjoldbye B. Ultrasound-guided drainage of deep pelvic abscesses: experience with 33 cases. Ultrasound Med Biol 2011; 37: 723-728
• 273 Schwerk WB, Gorg C, Gorg K et al. Percutaneous drainage of liver and splenic abscess. Z Gastroenterol 1991; 29: 146-152
• 274 Schwerk WB, Gorg C, Gorg K et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage of pyogenic splenic abscesses. J Clin Ultrasound 1994; 22: 161-166
• 275 Singh O, Gupta S, Moses S et al. Comparative study of catheter drainage and needle aspiration in management of large liver abscesses. Indian J Gastroenterol 2009; 28: 88-92
• 276 Mueller PR, vanSonnenberg E, Ferrucci JT et al. Percutaneous drainage of 250 abdominal abscesses and fluid collections. Part II: Current procedural concepts. Radiology 1984; 151: 343-347
• 277 Rothlin MA, Schob O, Klotz H et al. Percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses: are large-bore catheters necessary?. Eur J Surg 1998; 164: 419-424
• 278 Cui XW, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous abscess drainage. In. http://www.efsumb.org/asp/detail06.asp?ref=373&url=/intro/home.asp?ref=1: European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology; 2011
• 279 Ignee A, Schuessler G, Cui XW et al. Intracavitary contrast medium ultrasound – different applications, a review of the literature ad future prospects. Ultraschall in Med 2013; 34: 504-525 ; quiz 526–508
• 280 Ignee A, Jenssen C, Cui XW et al. Intracavitary contrast-enhanced ultrasound in abscess drainage – feasibility and clinical value. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 1-7
• 281 Pham Van L, Duong Manh H, Pham Nhu H. Amebic abscess of the liver: ultrasound guided puncture. Ann Chir 1996; 50: 340-343
• 282 Ooi LL, Leong SS. Splenic abscesses from 1987 to 1995. Am J Surg 1997; 174: 87-93
• 283 Chou YH, Tiu CM, Chiou HJ et al. Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures in splenic abscesses. Eur J Radiol 1998; 28: 167-170
• 284 Green BT. Splenic abscess: report of six cases and review of the literature. Am Surg 2001; 67: 80-85
• 285 Kang M, Kalra N, Gulati M et al. Image guided percutaneous splenic interventions. Eur J Radiol 2007; 64: 140-146
• 286 Lucey BC, Boland GW, Maher MM et al. Percutaneous nonvascular splenic intervention: a 10-year review. Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179: 1591-1596
• 287 Ng KK, Lee TY, Wan YL et al. Splenic abscess: diagnosis and management. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 567-571
• 288 Thanos L, Dailiana T, Papaioannou G et al. Percutaneous CT-guided drainage of splenic abscess. Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179: 629-632
• 289 Ferraioli G, Brunetti E, Gulizia R et al. Management of splenic abscess: report on 16 cases from a single center. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13: 524-530
• 290 McInnes MD, Kielar AZ, Macdonald DB. Percutaneous image-guided biopsy of the spleen: systematic review and meta-analysis of the complication rate and diagnostic accuracy. Radiology 2011; 260: 699-708
• 291 vanSonnenberg E, Wittich GR, Chon KS et al. Percutaneous radiologic drainage of pancreatic abscesses. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168: 979-984
• 292 vanSonnenberg E, Wittich GR, Goodacre BW et al. Percutaneous abscess drainage: update. World J Surg 2001; 25: 362-369 ; discussion 370–362
• 293 Fusaroli P, Jenssen C, Hocke M et al. EFSUMB guidelines on interventional ultrasound, part V. EUS-guided therapeutic interventions. Ultraschall in Med 2015; 36
• 294 Will U, Wanzar C, Gerlach R et al. Interventional ultrasound-guided procedures in pancreatic pseudocysts, abscesses and infected necroses – treatment algorithm in a large single-center study. Ultraschall in Med 2011; 32: 176-183
• 295 Feagins LA, Holubar SD, Kane SV et al. Current strategies in the management of intra-abdominal abscesses in Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9: 842-850
• 296 Gervais DA, Hahn PF, O'Neill MJ et al. Percutaneous abscess drainage in Crohn disease: technical success and short- and long-term outcomes during 14 years. Radiology 2002; 222: 645-651
• 297 Golfieri R, Cappelli A, Giampalma E et al. CT-guided percutaneous pelvic abscess drainage in Crohn's disease. Tech Coloproctol 2006; 10: 99-105
• 298 Sahai A, Belair M, Gianfelice D et al. Percutaneous drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses in Crohn's disease: short and long-term outcome. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 275-278
• 299 da Luz Moreira A, Stocchi L, Tan E et al. Outcomes of Crohn's disease presenting with abdominopelvic abscess. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52: 906-912
• 300 Rypens F, Dubois J, Garel L et al. Percutaneous drainage of abdominal abscesses in pediatric Crohn's disease. Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 579-585
• 301 Bahadursingh AM, Virgo KS, Kaminski DL et al. Spectrum of disease and outcome of complicated diverticular disease. Am J Surg 2003; 186: 696-701
• 302 Siewert B, Tye G, Kruskal J et al. Impact of CT-guided drainage in the treatment of diverticular abscesses: size matters. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: 680-686
• 303 Brandt D, Gervaz P, Durmishi Y et al. Percutaneous CT scan-guided drainage vs. antibiotherapy alone for Hinchey II diverticulitis: a case-control study. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49: 1533-1538
• 304 Kumar RR, Kim JT, Haukoos JS et al. Factors affecting the successful management of intra-abdominal abscesses with antibiotics and the need for percutaneous drainage. Dis Colon Rectum 2006; 49: 183-189
• 305 Kaiser AM, Jiang JK, Lake JP et al. The management of complicated diverticulitis and the role of computed tomography. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 910-917
• 306 Durmishi Y, Gervaz P, Brandt D et al. Results from percutaneous drainage of Hinchey stage II diverticulitis guided by computed tomography scan. Surg Endosc 2006; 20: 1129-1133
• 307 Kuligowska E, Keller E, Ferrucci JT. Treatment of pelvic abscesses: value of one-step sonographically guided transrectal needle aspiration and lavage. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 164: 201-206
• 308 Wroblicka JT, Kuligowska E. One-step needle aspiration and lavage for the treatment of abdominal and pelvic abscesses. Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170: 1197-1203
• 309 Cheng D, Nagata KT, Yoon HC. Randomized prospective comparison of alteplase versus saline solution for the percutaneous treatment of loculated abdominopelvic abscesses. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2008; 19: 906-911
• 310 Laborda A, De Gregorio MA, Miguelena JM et al. Percutaneous treatment of intrabdominal abscess: urokinase versus saline serum in 100 cases using two surgical scoring systems in a randomized trial. Eur Radiol 2009; 19: 1772-1779
• 311 Maskell NA, Davies CW, Nunn AJ et al. U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 865-874
• 312 McDermott VG, Schuster MG, Smith TP. Antibiotic prophylaxis in vascular and interventional radiology. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 31-38
• 313 Venkatesan AM, Kundu S, Sacks D et al. Practice guidelines for adult antibiotic prophylaxis during vascular and interventional radiology procedures. Written by the Standards of Practice Committee for the Society of Interventional Radiology and Endorsed by the Cardiovascular Interventional Radiological Society of Europe and Canadian Interventional Radiology Association [corrected]. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21: 1611-1630 ; quiz 1631
• 314 Lorber B, Swenson RM. The bacteriology of intraabdominal infections. Surg Clin North Am 1975; 55: 1349-1354
• 315 Galandiuk S, Lamos J, Montgomery W et al. Antibiotic penetration of experimental intra-abdominal abscesses. Am Surg 1995; 61: 521-525
• 316 Dravid VS, Gupta A, Zegel HG et al. Investigation of antibiotic prophylaxis usage for vascular and nonvascular interventional procedures. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998; 9: 401-406
• 317 Mercaldi CJ, Lanes SF. Ultrasound guidance decreases complications and improves the cost of care among patients undergoing thoracentesis and paracentesis. Chest 2013; 143: 532-538
• 318 Nicolaou S, Talsky A, Khashoggi K et al. Ultrasound-guided interventional radiology in critical care. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: S186-S197
• 319 Sharzehi K, Jain V, Naveed A et al. Hemorrhagic complications of paracentesis: a systematic review of the literature. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014: 985141
• 320 Cervini P, Hesley GK, Thompson RL et al. Incidence of infectious complications after an ultrasound-guided intervention. Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195: 846-850
• 321 Cavanna L, Mordenti P, Berte R et al. Ultrasound guidance reduces pneumothorax rate and improves safety of thoracentesis in malignant pleural effusion: report on 445 consecutive patients with advanced cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12: 139
• 322 Brooling J, Ghaoui R, Lindenauer PK et al. Use of paracentesis in hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis and ascites: Opportunities for quality improvement. J Hosp Med 2014; 9: 797-799
• 323 Bernardi M, Caraceni P, Navickis RJ et al. Albumin infusion in patients undergoing large-volume paracentesis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Hepatology 2012; 55: 1172-1181
• 324 Katz MJ, Peters MN, Wysocki JD et al. Diagnosis and management of delayed hemoperitoneum following therapeutic paracentesis. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2013; 26: 185-186
• 325 Sangisetty SL, Miner TJ. Malignant ascites: A review of prognostic factors, pathophysiology and therapeutic measures. World J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 4: 87-95
• 326 Becker G, Galandi D, Blum HE. Malignant ascites: systematic review and guideline for treatment. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 589-597
• 327 Lee A, Lau TN, Yeong KY. Indwelling catheters for the management of malignant ascites. Support Care Cancer 2000; 8: 493-499
• 328 Sartori S, Nielsen I, Trevisani L et al. Sonographically guided peritoneal catheter placement in the palliation of malignant ascites in end-stage malignancies. Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179: 1618-1620
• 329 Narayanan G, Pezeshkmehr A, Venkat S et al. Safety and efficacy of the PleurX catheter for the treatment of malignant ascites. J Palliat Med 2014; 17: 906-912
• 330 Tapping CR, Ling L, Razack A. PleurX drain use in the management of malignant ascites: safety, complications, long-term patency and factors predictive of success. Br J Radiol 2012; 85: 623-628
• 331 Lungren MP, Kim CY, Stewart JK et al. Tunneled peritoneal drainage catheter placement for refractory ascites: single-center experience in 188 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013; 24: 1303-1308
• 332 Fleming ND, Alvarez-Secord A, Von Gruenigen V et al. Indwelling catheters for the management of refractory malignant ascites: a systematic literature overview and retrospective chart review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2009; 38: 341-349
• 333 Richard 3rd HM, Coldwell DM, Boyd-Kranis RL et al. Pleurx tunneled catheter in the management of malignant ascites. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12: 373-375
• 334 Barnett TD, Rubins J. Placement of a permanent tunneled peritoneal drainage catheter for palliation of malignant ascites: a simplified percutaneous approach. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13: 379-383
• 335 O'Neill MJ, Weissleder R, Gervais DA et al. Tunneled peritoneal catheter placement under sonographic and fluoroscopic guidance in the palliative treatment of malignant ascites. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 177: 615-618
• 336 Rosenberg S, Courtney A, Nemcek AA et al. Comparison of percutaneous management techniques for recurrent malignant ascites. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2004; 15: 1129-1131
• 337 White J, Carolan-Rees G. PleurX peritoneal catheter drainage system for vacuum-assisted drainage of treatment-resistant, recurrent malignant ascites: a NICE Medical Technology Guidance. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 2012; 10: 299-308
• 338 Zerem E, Imamovic G, Omerovic S. Percutaneous treatment of symptomatic non-parasitic benign liver cysts: single-session alcohol sclerotherapy versus prolonged catheter drainage with negative pressure. Eur Radiol 2008; 18: 400-406
• 339 Dietrich CF, Braden B. Percutaneous Sclerotherapy of Cysts. In: Dietrich CF, Nuernberg D, eds. Interventional ultrasound. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag /Thieme Publisher; 2014: 165-166
• 340 Garber S, Mathieson J, Cooperberg PL. Percutaneous sclerosis of hepatic cysts to treat obstructive jaundice in a patient with polycystic liver disease. Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161: 77-78
• 341 Erdogan D, van Delden OM, Rauws EA et al. Results of percutaneous sclerotherapy and surgical treatment in patients with symptomatic simple liver cysts and polycystic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 3095-3100
• 342 Benzimra J, Ronot M, Fuks D et al. Hepatic cysts treated with percutaneous ethanol sclerotherapy: time to extend the indications to haemorrhagic cysts and polycystic liver disease. Eur Radiol 2014; 24: 1030-1038
• 343 Gevers TJ, Drenth JP. Diagnosis and management of polycystic liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10: 101-108
• 344 Temmerman F, Missiaen L, Bammens B et al. Systematic review: the pathophysiology and management of polycystic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 702-713
• 345 Macutkiewicz C, Plastow R, Chrispijn M et al. Complications arising in simple and polycystic liver cysts. World J Hepatol 2012; 4: 406-411
• 346 Fong ZV, Wolf AM, Doria C et al. Hemorrhagic hepatic cyst: report of a case and review of the literature with emphasis on clinical approach and management. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16: 1782-1789
• 347 Sparchez Z, Radu P, Zaharie F et al. Percutaneous treatment of symptomatic non-parasitic hepatic cysts. Initial experience with single-session sclerotherapy with polidocanol. Med Ultrason 2014; 16: 222-228
• 348 Nakaoka R, Das K, Kudo M et al. Percutaneous aspiration and ethanolamine oleate sclerotherapy for sustained resolution of symptomatic polycystic liver disease: an initial experience. Am J Roentgenol 2009; 193: 1540-1545
• 349 Furuta T, Yoshida Y, Saku M et al. Treatment of symptomatic non-parasitic liver cysts--surgical treatment versus alcohol injection therapy. HPB Surg 1990; 2: 269-277 ; discussion 277–269
• 350 Drenth JP, Chrispijn M, Nagorney DM et al. Medical and surgical treatment options for polycystic liver disease. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2223-2230
• 351 Moorthy K, Mihssin N, Houghton PW. The management of simple hepatic cysts: sclerotherapy or laparoscopic fenestration. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2001; 83: 409-414
• 352 Yang CF, Liang HL, Pan HB et al. Single-session prolonged alcohol-retention sclerotherapy for large hepatic cysts. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 187: 940-943
• 353 Fabrizzi G, Lanza C, Bolli V et al. Symptomatic hepatic cyst in a child: treatment with single-shot injection of tetracycline hydrochloride. Pediatr Radiol 2009; 39: 1091-1094
• 354 Yoshida H, Onda M, Tajiri T et al. Long-term results of multiple minocycline hydrochloride injections for the treatment of symptomatic solitary hepatic cyst. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18: 595-598
• 355 Jusufovic R, Zerem E. Percutaneous treatment of symptomatic non-parasitic benign liver cysts with 20% NaCl solution. Med Arh 2011; 65: 35-37
• 356 Yamamoto K, Sakaguchi H, Anai H et al. Sclerotherapy for simple cysts with use of ethanolamine oleate: preliminary experience. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 28: 751-755
• 357 vanSonnenberg E, Wroblicka JT, D'Agostino HB et al. Symptomatic hepatic cysts: percutaneous drainage and sclerosis. Radiology 1994; 190: 387-392
• 358 Tikkakoski T, Makela JT, Leinonen S et al. Treatment of symptomatic congenital hepatic cysts with single-session percutaneous drainage and ethanol sclerosis: technique and outcome. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7: 235-239
• 359 Larssen TB, Jensen DK, Viste A et al. Single-session alcohol sclerotherapy in symptomatic benign hepatic cysts. Long-term results. Acta Radiol 1999; 40: 636-638
• 360 Larssen TB, Rosendahl K, Horn A et al. Single-session alcohol sclerotherapy in symptomatic benign hepatic cysts performed with a time of exposure to alcohol of 10 min: initial results. Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 2627-2632
• 361 Itou C, Koizumi J, Hashimoto T et al. Foam sclerotherapy for a symptomatic hepatic cyst: a preliminary report. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2014; 37: 800-804
• 362 Skolarikos A, Laguna MP, de la Rosette JJ. Conservative and radiological management of simple renal cysts: a comprehensive review. BJU Int 2012; 110: 170-178
• 363 Okeke AA, Mitchelmore AE, Keeley FX et al. A comparison of aspiration and sclerotherapy with laparoscopic de-roofing in the management of symptomatic simple renal cysts. BJU Int 2003; 92: 610-613
• 364 Agarwal M, Agrawal MS, Mittal R et al. A randomized study of aspiration and sclerotherapy versus laparoscopic deroofing in management of symptomatic simple renal cysts. J Endourol 2012; 26: 561-565
• 365 Shao Q, Xu J, Adams T et al. Comparison of aspiration-sclerotherapy versus laparoscopic decortication in management of symptomatic simple renal cysts. J Xray Sci Technol 2013; 21: 419-428
• 366 Egilmez H, Gok V, Oztoprak I et al. Comparison of CT-guided sclerotherapy with using 95% ethanol and 20% hypertonic saline for managing simple renal cyst. Korean J Radiol 2007; 8: 512-519
• 367 Ohta S, Fujishiro Y, Fuse H. Polidocanol sclerotherapy for simple renal cysts. Urol Int 1997; 58: 145-147
• 368 Yoo KH, Lee SJ, Jeon SH. Simple renal cyst sclerotherapy with acetic acid: our 10-year experience. J Endourol 2008; 22: 2559-2563
• 369 Madeb R, Feldman PA, Knopf J et al. Povidone-iodine sclerotherapy is ineffective in the treatment of symptomatic renal cysts. J Endourol 2006; 20: 402-404
• 370 Kilinc M, Tufan O, Guven S et al. Percutaneous injection sclerotherapy with tetracycline hydrochloride in simple renal cysts. Int Urol Nephrol 2008; 40: 609-613
• 371 Ohkawa M, Tokunaga S, Orito M et al. Percutaneous injection sclerotherapy with minocycline hydrochloride for simple renal cysts. Int Urol Nephrol 1993; 25: 37-43
• 372 Zerem E, Imamovic G, Omerovic S. Symptomatic simple renal cyst: comparison of continuous negative-pressure catheter drainage and single-session alcohol sclerotherapy. Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190: 1193-1197
• 373 Mohsen T, Gomha MA. Treatment of symptomatic simple renal cysts by percutaneous aspiration and ethanol sclerotherapy. BJU Int 2005; 96: 1369-1372
• 374 Delakas D, Karyotis I, Loumbakis P et al. Long-term results after percutaneous minimally invasive procedure treatment of symptomatic simple renal cysts. Int Urol Nephrol 2001; 32: 321-326
• 375 Chung BH, Kim JH, Hong CH et al. Comparison of single and multiple sessions of percutaneous sclerotherapy for simple renal cyst. BJU Int 2000; 85: 626-627
• 376 Fontana D, Porpiglia F, Morra I et al. Treatment of simple renal cysts by percutaneous drainage with three repeated alcohol injection. Urology 1999; 53: 904-907
• 377 Hanna RM, Dahniya MH. Aspiration and sclerotherapy of symptomatic simple renal cysts: value of two injections of a sclerosing agent. Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167: 781-783
• 378 Lin YH, Pan HB, Liang HL et al. Single-session alcohol-retention sclerotherapy for simple renal cysts: comparison of 2- and 4-hr retention techniques. Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185: 860-866
• 379 Gasparini D, Sponza M, Valotto C et al. Renal cysts: can percutaneous ethanol injections be considered an alternative to surgery?. Urol Int 2003; 71: 197-200
• 380 Touloupidis S, Fatles G, Rombis V et al. Percutaneous drainage of simple cysts of the kidney: a new method. Urol Int 2004; 73: 169-172
• 381 Falci-Junior R, Lucon AM, Cerri LM et al. Treatment of simple renal cysts with single-session percutaneous ethanol sclerotherapy without drainage of the sclerosing agent. J Endourol 2005; 19: 834-838
• 382 McManus DP, Zhang W, Li J et al. Echinococcosis. Lancet 2003; 362: 1295-1304
• 383 Stojkovic M, Rosenberger K, Kauczor HU et al. Diagnosing and staging of cystic echinococcosis: how do CT and MRI perform in comparison to ultrasound?. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6: e1880
• 384 Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA et al. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Acta Trop 2010; 114: 1-16
• 385 Guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. WHO Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis. Bull World Health Organ 1996; 74: 231-242
• 386 Group WHOIW. International classification of ultrasound images in cystic echinococcosis for application in clinical and field epidemiological settings. Acta Trop 2003; 85: 253-261
• 387 Khuroo MS, Wani NA, Javid G et al. Percutaneous drainage compared with surgery for hepatic hydatid cysts. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 881-887
• 388 Gharbi HA, Hassine W, Brauner MW et al. Ultrasound examination of the hydatic liver. Radiology 1981; 139: 459-463
• 389 Tamarozzi F, Nicoletti GJ, Neumayr A et al. Acceptance of standardized ultrasound classification, use of albendazole, and long-term follow-up in clinical management of cystic echinococcosis: a systematic review. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014; 27: 425-431
• 390 Ben Amor N, Gargouri M, Gharbi HA et al. Trial therapy of inoperable abdominal hydatid cysts by puncture. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 1986; 61: 689-692
• 391 Gargouri M, Ben Amor N, Ben Chehida F et al. Percutaneous treatment of hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1990; 13: 169-173
• 392 Richter J, Hatz C, Haussinger D. Ultrasound in tropical and parasitic diseases. Lancet 2003; 362: 900-902
• 393 Hosch W, Stojkovic M, Janisch T et al. MR imaging for diagnosing cysto-biliary fistulas in cystic echinococcosis. Eur J Radiol 2008; 66: 262-267
• 394 Hosch W, Junghanss T, Stojkovic M et al. Metabolic viability assessment of cystic echinococcosis using high-field 1H MRS of cyst contents. NMR Biomed 2008; 21: 734-754
• 395 Zhang W, Li J, McManus DP. Concepts in immunology and diagnosis of hydatid disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16: 18-36
• 396 Rinaldi F, Brunetti E, Neumayr A et al. Cystic echinococcosis of the liver: A primer for hepatologists. World J Hepatol 2014; 6: 293-305
• 397 Junghanss T, da Silva AM, Horton J et al. Clinical management of cystic echinococcosis: state of the art, problems, and perspectives. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79: 301-311
• 398 Giorgio A, de Stefano G, Esposito V et al. Long-term results of percutaneous treatment of hydatid liver cysts: a single center 17 years experience. Infection 2008; 36: 256-261
• 399 Akhan O, Yildiz AE, Akinci D et al. Is the adjuvant albendazole treatment really needed with PAIR in the management of liver hydatid cysts? A prospective, randomized trial with short-term follow-up results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2014; 37: 1568-1574
• 400 Brunetti E, Junghanss T. Update on cystic hydatid disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22: 497-502
• 401 Kabaalioglu A, Ceken K, Alimoglu E et al. Percutaneous imaging-guided treatment of hydatid liver cysts: do long-term results make it a first choice?. Eur J Radiol 2006; 59: 65-73
• 402 Giorgio A, Tarantino L, de Stefano G et al. Hydatid liver cyst: an 11-year experience of treatment with percutaneous aspiration and ethanol injection. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20: 729-738
• 403 Giorgio A, Di Sarno A, de Stefano G et al. Sonography and clinical outcome of viable hydatid liver cysts treated with double percutaneous aspiration and ethanol injection as first-line therapy: efficacy and long-term follow-up. Am J Roentgenol 2009; 193: W186-W192
• 404 Giorgio A, de Stefano G, Di Sarno A et al. Clinical and sonographic management of viable hydatid liver cysts. J Ultrasound 2008; 11: 107-112
• 405 Tappeh KH, Einshaei A, Mahmudloo R et al. Effect of different concentrations of hypertonic saline at different times on protoscoleces of hydatid cyst isolated from liver and lung. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2011; 35: 148-150
• 406 Giorgio A, Calisti G, de Stefano G et al. Percutaneous treatment of hydatid liver cysts: an update. Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov 2012; 7: 231-236
• 407 Smego Jr RA, Bhatti S, Khaliq AA et al. Percutaneous aspiration-injection-reaspiration drainage plus albendazole or mebendazole for hepatic cystic echinococcosis: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1073-1083
• 408 Khuroo MS, Dar MY, Yattoo GN et al. Percutaneous drainage versus albendazole therapy in hepatic hydatidosis: a prospective, randomized study. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1452-1459
• 409 Nasseri-Moghaddam S, Abrishami A, Taefi A et al. Percutaneous needle aspiration, injection, and re-aspiration with or without benzimidazole coverage for uncomplicated hepatic hydatid cysts. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; CD003623
• 410 Gupta N, Javed A, Puri S et al. Hepatic hydatid: PAIR, drain or resect?. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15: 1829-1836
• 411 Cozzi G, Severini A, Civelli E et al. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in the management of postsurgical biliary leaks in patients with nondilated intrahepatic bile ducts. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2006; 29: 380-388
• 412 Nagino M, Takada T, Miyazaki M et al. Preoperative biliary drainage for biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2008; 15: 25-30
• 413 Kavanagh PV, vanSonnenberg E, Wittich GR et al. Interventional radiology of the biliary tract. Endoscopy 1997; 29: 570-576
• 414 Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE et al. ASGE guideline: the role of ERCP in diseases of the biliary tract and the pancreas. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 1-8
• 415 Itoi T, Tsuyuguchi T, Takada T et al. TG13 indications and techniques for biliary drainage in acute cholangitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2013; 20: 71-80
• 416 Skinner M, Popa D, Neumann H et al. ERCP with the overtube-assisted enteroscopy technique: a systematic review. Endoscopy 2014; 46: 560-572
• 417 Will U, Meyer F. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided transluminal cholangiodrainage (EUCD) – a novel option of interventional endoscopy in the interdiciplinary management of obstructive jaundice. Zentralbl Chir 2012; 137: 20-31
• 418 Dumonceau JM, Tringali A, Blero D et al. Biliary stenting: indications, choice of stents and results: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) clinical guideline. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 277-298
• 419 Anderson MA, Appalaneni V, Ben-Menachem T. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Standards of Practice C et al. The role of endoscopy in the evaluation and treatment of patients with biliary neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77: 167-174
• 420 Hayashi N, Sakai T, Kitagawa M et al. US-guided left-sided biliary drainage: nine-year experience. Radiology 1997; 204: 119-122
• 421 Rivera-Sanfeliz GM, Assar OS, LaBerge JM et al. Incidence of important hemobilia following transhepatic biliary drainage: left-sided versus right-sided approaches. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2004; 27: 137-139
• 422 Kuhn JP, Busemann A, Lerch MM et al. Percutaneous biliary drainage in patients with nondilated intrahepatic bile ducts compared with patients with dilated intrahepatic bile ducts. Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195: 851-857
• 423 Weber A, Gaa J, Rosca B et al. Complications of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in patients with dilated and nondilated intrahepatic bile ducts. Eur J Radiol 2009; 72: 412-417
• 424 Lee W, Kim GC, Kim JY et al. Ultrasound and fluoroscopy guided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in patients with nondilated bile ducts. Abdom Imaging 2008; 33: 555-559
• 425 Miyazaki M, Shibuya K, Tokue H et al. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage assisted by real-time virtual sonography: a retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13: 127
• 426 Feigenbaum K, Ellett ML, Miller R et al. ALARA study of teaching effectiveness on reducing radiation exposure. Gastroenterol Nurs 1998; 21: 234-238
• 427 Kozlov AV, Polikarpov AA, Oleshchuk NV et al. Comparative assessment of percutaneous transhepatic cholangio drainage under roentgenoscopy and ultrasound guidance. Vestn Rentgenol Radiol 2002; 4: 30-33
• 428 Saad WE, Wallace MJ, Wojak JC et al. Quality improvement guidelines for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, biliary drainage, and percutaneous cholecystostomy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21: 789-795
• 429 Choi S, McCartney CJ. Evidence Base for the Use of Ultrasound for Upper Extremity Blocks: 2014 Update. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2014;
• 430 Atkinson P, Boyle A, Robinson S et al. Should ultrasound guidance be used for central venous catheterisation in the emergency department?. Emerg Med J 2005; 22: 158-164
• 431 Ignee A, Baum U, Schuessler G et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound-guided percutaneous cholangiography and cholangiodrainage (CEUS-PTCD). Endoscopy 2009; 41: 725-726
• 432 Ignee A, Cui X, Schuessler G et al. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage using extravascular contrast enhanced ultrasound. Z Gastroenterol 2015; 53: 385-390
• 433 Luyao Z, Xiaoyan X, Huixiong X et al. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholangiography using microbubbles to evaluate the dilated biliary tract: initial experience. Eur Radiol 2012; 22: 371-378
• 434 Xu EJ, Zheng RQ, Su ZZ et al. Intra-biliary contrast-enhanced ultrasound for evaluating biliary obstruction during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: a preliminary study. Eur J Radiol 2012; 81: 3846-3850
• 435 Gurusamy K, Junnarkar S, Farouk M et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the safety and effectiveness of day-case laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 161-168
• 436 Gurusamy K, Samraj K, Gluud C et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the safety and effectiveness of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 141-150
• 437 Houghton PW, Jenkinson LR, Donaldson LA. Cholecystectomy in the elderly: a prospective study. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 220-222
• 438 Sanjay P, Mittapalli D, Marioud A et al. Clinical outcomes of a percutaneous cholecystostomy for acute cholecystitis: a multicentre analysis. HPB (Oxford) 2013; 15: 511-516
• 439 Elyaderani M, Gabriele OF. Percutaneous cholecystostomy and cholangiography in patients with obstructive jaundice. Radiology 1979; 130: 601-602
• 440 Shaver RW, Hawkins Jr IF, Soong J. Percutaneous cholecystostomy. Am J Roentgenol 1982; 138: 1133-1136
• 441 Winbladh A, Gullstrand P, Svanvik J et al. Systematic review of cholecystostomy as a treatment option in acute cholecystitis. HPB (Oxford) 2009; 11: 183-193
• 442 Venara A, Carretier V, Lebigot J et al. Technique and indications of percutaneous cholecystostomy in the management of cholecystitis in 2014. J Visc Surg 2014; 151: 435-439
• 443 Miura F, Takada T, Kawarada Y et al. Flowcharts for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2007; 14: 27-34
• 444 Chung YH, Choi ER, Kim KM et al. Can percutaneous cholecystostomy be a definitive management for acute acalculous cholecystitis?. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 46: 216-219
• 445 Kirkegard J, Horn T, Christensen SD et al. Percutaneous Cholecystostomy is an Effective Definitive Treatment Option for Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis. Scand J Surg 2015;
• 446 Horn T, Christensen SD, Kirkegard J et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is an effective treatment option for acute calculous cholecystitis: a 10-year experience. HPB (Oxford) 2015; 17: 326-331
• 447 Gurusamy KS, Rossi M, Davidson BR. Percutaneous cholecystostomy for high-risk surgical patients with acute calculous cholecystitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 8: CD007088
• 448 Hu YR, Pan JH, Tong XC et al. Efficacy and safety of B-mode ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage combined with laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in elderly and high-risk patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15: 81
• 449 Na BG, Yoo YS, Mun SP et al. The safety and efficacy of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage in elderly patients with acute cholecystitis before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg Treat Res 2015; 89: 68-73
• 450 Anderson JE, Chang DC, Talamini MA. A nationwide examination of outcomes of percutaneous cholecystostomy compared with cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis, 1998–2010. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 3406-3411
• 451 Takada T, Strasberg SM, Solomkin JS et al. TG13: Updated Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2013; 20: 1-7
• 452 Chiappetta Porras LT, Napoli ED, Canullan CM et al. Minimally invasive management of acute biliary tract disease during pregnancy. HPB Surg 2009; 2009: 829020
• 453 Gunay Y, Bircan HY, Emek E et al. The management of acute cholecystitis in chronic hemodialysis patients: percutaneous cholecystostomy versus cholecystectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 17: 319-325
• 454 Hatzidakis AA, Prassopoulos P, Petinarakis I et al. Acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients: percutaneous cholecystostomy vs conservative treatment. Eur Radiol 2002; 12: 1778-1784
• 455 Johanning JM, Gruenberg JC. The changing face of cholecystectomy. Am Surg 1998; 64: 643-647 ; discussion 647–648
• 456 Barie PS, Eachempati SR. Acute acalculous cholecystitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2003; 5: 302-309
• 457 Simorov A, Ranade A, Parcells J et al. Emergent cholecystostomy is superior to open cholecystectomy in extremely ill patients with acalculous cholecystitis: a large multicenter outcome study. Am J Surg 2013; 206: 935-940 ; discussion 940–931
• 458 Ito K, Fujita N, Noda Y et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy versus gallbladder aspiration for acute cholecystitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 193-196
• 459 Chopra S, Dodd 3rd GD, Mumbower AL et al. Treatment of acute cholecystitis in non-critically ill patients at high surgical risk: comparison of clinical outcomes after gallbladder aspiration and after percutaneous cholecystostomy. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176: 1025-1031
• 460 Melloul E, Denys A, Demartines N et al. Percutaneous drainage versus emergency cholecystectomy for the treatment of acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients: does it matter?. World J Surg 2011; 35: 826-833
• 461 Hatjidakis AA, Karampekios S, Prassopoulos P et al. Maturation of the tract after percutaneous cholecystostomy with regard to the access route. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1998; 21: 36-40
• 462 van Overhagen H, Meyers H, Tilanus HW et al. Percutaneous cholecystectomy for patients with acute cholecystitis and an increased surgical risk. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1996; 19: 72-76
• 463 Loberant N, Notes Y, Eitan A et al. Comparison of early outcome from transperitoneal versus transhepatic percutaneous cholecystostomy. Hepatogastroenterology 2010; 57: 12-17
• 464 Gang MH, Kim JY. Short-Term Complications of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy according to the Type of Technique. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2014; 17: 214-222
• 465 Campoli PM, de Paula AA, Alves LG et al. Effect of the introducer technique compared with the pull technique on the peristomal infection rate in PEG: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 988-996
• 466 Lowe AS, Laasch HU, Stephenson S et al. Multicentre survey of radiologically inserted gastrostomy feeding tube (RIG) in the UK. Clin Radiol 2012; 67: 843-854
• 467 Blomberg J, Lagergren J, Martin L et al. Complications after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 737-742
• 468 Laskaratos FM, Walker M, Walker M et al. Predictive factors for early mortality after percutaneous endoscopic and radiologically-inserted gastrostomy. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58: 3558-3565
• 469 Schlottmann K, Klebl F, Wiest R et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in patients with negative diaphanoscopy. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 686-691
• 470 Lorentzen T, Skjoldbye B, Nolsoe C et al. Percutaneous gastrostomy guided by ultrasound and fluoroscopy. Acta Radiol 1995; 36: 159-162
• 471 Lorentzen T, Nolsoe CP, Adamsen S. Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy with a simplified gastropexy technique under ultrasonographic and fluoroscopic guidance: experience in 154 patients. Acta Radiol 2007; 48: 13-19
• 472 Klek S, Hermanowicz A, Salowka J et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous 'push-introducer' gastrostomy is a valuable method for accessing the gastrointestinal tract. Nutr Hosp 2014; 29: 365-369
• 473 Pugash RA, Brady AP, Isaacson S. Ultrasound guidance in percutaneous gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy. Can Assoc Radiol J 1995; 46: 196-198
• 474 Quadri A, Umapathy N, Orme R. Percutaneous gastrostomy in patients with complete obstruction of the upper digestive tract. Eur J Radiol 2005; 56: 74-77
• 475 Lipp A, Lusardi G. Systemic antimicrobial prophylaxis for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 11: CD005571
• 476 Wah TM, Weston MJ, Irving HC. Percutaneous nephrostomy insertion: outcome data from a prospective multi-operator study at a UK training centre. Clin Radiol 2004; 59: 255-261
• 477 Hausegger KA, Portugaller HR. Percutaneous nephrostomy and antegrade ureteral stenting: technique-indications-complications. Eur Radiol 2006; 16: 2016-2030
• 478 Dagli M, Ramchandani P. Percutaneous nephrostomy: technical aspects and indications. Semin Intervent Radiol 2011; 28: 424-437
• 479 Hopper KD, Sherman JL, Luethke JM et al. The retrorenal colon in the supine and prone patient. Radiology 1987; 162: 443-446
• 480 Hopper KD, Yakes WF. The posterior intercostal approach for percutaneous renal procedures: risk of puncturing the lung, spleen, and liver as determined by CT. Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154: 115-117
• 481 Mahmood RD, Yizhi L, Tan MLM. Percutaneous Nephrostomy. In: Goeoz M, ed. Chronic Kidney Disease. InTech; 2012: 297-314
• 482 Ramchandani P, Cardella JF, Grassi CJ et al. Quality improvement guidelines for percutaneous nephrostomy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2003; 14: S277-S281
• 483 Png JC, Chapple CR. Principles of ureteric reconstruction. Curr Opin Urol 2000; 10: 207-212
• 484 Lapitan MC, Buckley BS. Impact of palliative urinary diversion by percutaneous nephrostomy drainage and ureteral stenting among patients with advanced cervical cancer and obstructive uropathy: a prospective cohort. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011; 37: 1061-1070
• 485 Ahmad I, Saeed Pansota M, Tariq M et al. Comparison between Double J (DJ) Ureteral Stenting and Percutaneous Nephrostomy (PCN) in Obstructive Uropathy. Pak J Med Sci 2013; 29: 725-729
• 486 Wyatt J, Kolettis PN, Burns JR. Treatment outcomes for percutaneous nephrolithotomy in renal allografts. J Endourol 2009; 23: 1821-1824
• 487 Mahdavi R, Tavakkoli M, Taghavi R et al. Minimally invasive procedures for treatment of urolithiasis in transplanted kidneys. Exp Clin Transplant 2014; 12: 200-204
• 488 Farrell TA, Hicks ME. A review of radiologically guided percutaneous nephrostomies in 303 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997; 8: 769-774
• 489 Skolarikos A, Alivizatos G, Papatsoris A et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy performed by urologists: 10-year experience. Urology 2006; 68: 495-499
• 490 Kariniemi J, Sequeiros RB, Ojala R et al. MRI-guided percutaneous nephrostomy: a feasibility study. Eur Radiol 2009; 19: 1296-1301
• 491 Barbaric ZL, Hall T, Cochran ST et al. Percutaneous nephrostomy: placement under CT and fluoroscopy guidance. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 151-155
• 492 Cui XW, Ignee A, Maros T et al. The use of ultrasound contrast agent in ultrasound guided percutaneous nephrostomy. Lepzig: Z Gastroenterol; 2014: KG264
• 493 Nielsen OS, Grossmann E. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous nephrostomy. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1990; 24: 219-221
• 494 Ray Jr CE, Brown AC, Smith MT et al. Percutaneous access of nondilated renal collecting systems. Semin Intervent Radiol 2014; 31: 98-100
• 495 Patel U, Hussain FF. Percutaneous nephrostomy of nondilated renal collecting systems with fluoroscopic guidance: technique and results. Radiology 2004; 233: 226-233
• 496 Fischbach F, Porsch M, Krenzien F et al. MR imaging guided percutaneous nephrostomy using a 1.0 Tesla open MR scanner. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2011; 34: 857-863
• 497 Mariappan P, Smith G, Moussa SA et al. One week of ciprofloxacin before percutaneous nephrolithotomy significantly reduces upper tract infection and urosepsis: a prospective controlled study. BJU Int 2006; 98: 1075-1079
• 498 Karim R, Sengupta S, Samanta S et al. Percutaneous nephrostomy by direct puncture technique: An observational study. Indian J Nephrol 2010; 20: 84-88
• 499 Regalado SP. Emergency percutaneous nephrostomy. Semin Intervent Radiol 2006; 23: 287-294
• 500 Cangüven O, Göktafl C, Kafkasl A et al. Comparison of direct and Seldinger percutaneous nephrostomy insertion techniques. BTDMJB 2009; 5: 103-105
• 501 Li CC, Li JR, Huang LH et al. Metallic stent in the treatment of ureteral obstruction: experience of single institute. J Chin Med Assoc 2011; 74: 460-463
• 502 Dyer RB, Regan JD, Kavanagh PV et al. Percutaneous nephrostomy with extensions of the technique: step by step. Radiographics 2002; 22: 503-525
• 503 von der Recke P, Nielsen MB, Pedersen JF. Complications of ultrasound-guided nephrostomy. A 5-year experience. Acta Radiol 1994; 35: 452-454
• 504 Lee WJ, Smith AD, Cubelli V et al. Complications of percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Am J Roentgenol 1987; 148: 177-180
• 505 Carey RI, Siddiq FM, Guerra J et al. Conservative management of a splenic injury related to percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. JSLS 2006; 10: 504-506
• 506 Lewis S, Patel U. Major complications after percutaneous nephrostomy-lessons from a department audit. Clin Radiol 2004; 59: 171-179
• 507 Lee WJ, Patel U, Patel S et al. Emergency percutaneous nephrostomy: results and complications. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994; 5: 135-139
• 508 Radecka E, Magnusson A. Complications associated with percutaneous nephrostomies. A retrospective study. Acta Radiol 2004; 45: 184-188
• 509 LeMaitre L, Mestdagh P, Marecaux-Delomez J et al. Percutaneous nephrostomy: placement under laser guidance and real-time CT fluoroscopy. Eur Radiol 2000; 10: 892-895
• 510 Lee MJ, Papanicolaou N, Nocks BN et al. Fluoroscopically guided percutaneous suprapubic cystostomy for long-term bladder drainage: an alternative to surgical cystostomy. Radiology 1993; 188: 787-789
• 511 Gochman RF, Karasic RB, Heller MB. Use of portable ultrasound to assist urine collection by suprapubic aspiration. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20: 631-635
• 512 Chu RW, Wong YC, Luk SH et al. Comparing suprapubic urine aspiration under real-time ultrasound guidance with conventional blind aspiration. Acta Paediatr 2002; 91: 512-516
• 513 Kiernan SC, Pinckert TL, Keszler M. Ultrasound guidance of suprapubic bladder aspiration in neonates. J Pediatr 1993; 123: 789-791
• 514 Cronin CG, Prakash P, Gervais DA et al. Imaging-guided suprapubic bladder tube insertion: experience in the care of 549 patients. Am J Roentgenol 2011; 196: 182-188
• 515 Rohl L. On the etiology of bladder cancer. Urologe 1963; 2: 57-61
• 516 Harrison SC, Lawrence WT, Morley R et al. British Association of Urological Surgeons' suprapubic catheter practice guidelines. BJU Int 2011; 107: 77-85
• 517 Jacob P, Rai BP, Todd AW. Suprapubic catheter insertion using an ultrasound-guided technique and literature review. BJU Int 2012; 110: 779-784
• 518 Lawrentschuk N, Lee D, Marriott P et al. Suprapubic stab cystostomy: a safer technique. Urology 2003; 62: 932-934
• 519 Aguilera PA, Choi T, Durham BA. Ultrasound-guided suprapubic cystostomy catheter placement in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2004; 26: 319-321
• 520 Lamont T, Harrison S, Panesar S et al. Safer insertion of suprapubic catheters: summary of a safety report from the National Patient Safety Agency. BMJ 2011; 342: d924
• 521 Johnson S, Fiscus G, Sudakoff GS et al. The utility of abdominal ultrasound during percutaneous suprapubic catheter placement. Can J Urol 2013; 20: 6840-6843
• 522 Requarth J. Image-guided palliative care procedures. Surg Clin North Am 2011; 91: 367-402, ix
• 523 Mariani PJ, Setla JA. Palliative ultrasound for home care hospice patients. Acad Emerg Med 2010; 17: 293-296