Acute Onset Neurological Disorders during Pregnancy: A Literature Review

Abstract

Objectives To characterize the most common peripheral and central neurological disorders during pregnancy.

Methods Original research and review of the literature on neurological complications during pregnancy. We searched for keywords related to the topic on different databases.

Results Pregnancy involves physiological changes that can trigger peripheral neurological and/or central nervous system pathologies, which can sometimes be associated with hypertensive disorders. A definitive diagnosis of neurological disorders can be made according to the trimester of pregnancy and the clinical findings. Carpal tunnel syndrome and peripheral facial palsy are common peripheral neurological disorders, more frequent in the second half of pregnancy. Central nervous disorders are more complex and a precise diagnosis must be made in order to improve perinatal outcomes, provide correct management and treatment and to prevent acute and long-term complications.

Conclusions It is possible to achieve a precise diagnosis, management and treatment of neurological disorders during pregnancy, but these require a multidisciplinary approach, crucial to improve perinatal outcomes.

Resumo

Objetivos Caracterizar as alterações neurológicas centrais e periféricas mais comuns durante a gravidez.

Métodos Foi efetuada uma revisão da literatura acerca de complicações neurológicas durante a gravidez. Foram utilizadas diversas bases de dados usando palavras-chave relacionadas com o tema.

Resultados A gravidez envolve alterações fisiológicas que podem desencadear alterações neurológicas periféricas e/ou do sistema nervoso central, por vezes associadas a distúrbios hipertensivos. Um diagnóstico definitivo pode ser feito tendo em conta o trimestre de gravidez e os achados clínicos encontrados. A síndrome do túnel carpal e a paralisia facial periférica são alterações neurológicas periféricas comuns que ocorrem mais frequentemente na segunda metade da gravidez. As alterações em termos do sistema nervoso central são mais complexas. Um diagnóstico preciso é fulcral, não só para melhorar os desfechos perinatais, mas também para efetuar uma vigilância e tratamento adequados e para prevenir complicações agudas e a longo prazo.

Conclusões Um diagnóstico preciso e um acompanhamento e tratamento apropriados dos distúrbios neurológicos durante a gravidez são ações exequíveis. Contudo, requerem uma abordagem multidisciplinar, crucial para melhorar os desfechos perinatais.

Keywords

pregnancy - Bell's palsy - carpal tunnel syndrome - headache - cerebrovascular complications - management

Palavras-chave

gravidez - paralisia de Bell - síndrome do túnel cárpico - cefaleia - complicações cerebrovasculares - vigilância

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