Abstract
Background The distal lower extremity poses unique reconstructive challenges due to its requirements
for durability of the load-bearing plantar surface and for thin, pliable contour in
the dorsal foot and ankle region. This study compares outcomes between muscle and
fasciocutaneous flaps in patients with foot and ankle defects.
Methods A retrospective review of soft tissue free flaps used for traumatic foot and ankle
defects was performed. Outcomes included takebacks, partial flap failure, total flap
failure, and wound complications.
Results A total of 165 cases met inclusion criteria, with muscle flaps (n = 110) comprising the majority. Defects involving the non–weight-bearing surface
were more common (n = 86) than those of the weight-bearing surface (n = 79). Complications occurred in 56 flaps (33.9%), including 11 partial losses (6.7%)
and 6 complete losses (3.6%). There were no differences in take backs, partial flap
failure, or total flap failure between muscle and fasciocutaneous flaps; however,
fasciocutaneous flaps had significantly fewer wound complications compared with muscle
flaps (7.3% vs. 19.1%, p = 0.046). On multivariable regression analysis, defects of the weight-bearing surface
had significantly increased risk of wound breakdown compared with those in the non–weight-bearing
surface (odds ratio: 5.05, p = 0.004).
Conclusion Compared with fasciocutaneous flaps, muscle flaps demonstrated higher rates of wound
complications. While the flap selection in foot and ankle reconstruction depends on
the nature of the defect, our findings support the use of fasciocutaneous over muscle
flaps in this region.
Keywords
foot and ankle reconstruction - lower extremity - muscle flaps - fasciocutaneous flaps
- plantar reconstruction - free flap
