Download PDF
Facial Plast Surg 2021; 37(04): 446-453
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726442
Original Article

Local and Regional Blocks for Complex Facial Wound Repair

Joy Obokhare
1   Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The location, severity, and associated injuries of the head and neck trauma dictate the type and treatment location needed for that particular patient. An in-depth knowledge of local and regional block options is vital to the proper management of facial wounds at the bedside, decreasing need for general anesthesia, anesthesia-related complication, length of hospital stay, and overall hospital costs. This article will discuss local and regional block options for the upper-face, midface, and lower face including dentition; complications of local and regional blocks and how to prevent them; and recent advances in local anesthesia. In addition, conscious sedation as an adjunct to local/regional blocks in children or patients with special needs will be discussed.

Keywords

local anesthesia - regional block - face


Publication History

Article published online:
20 April 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Widell T. Facial fracture management in the Emergency Department. 2020 . Accessed December 28, 2020 at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/824743-overview
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Bagheri SC, Dimassi M, Shahriari A, Khan HA, Jo C, Steed MB. Facial trauma coverage among level-1 trauma centers of the United States. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66 (05) 963-967
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Moskovitz JB, Sabatino F. Regional nerve blocks of the face. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2013; 31 (02) 517-527
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Kouba DJ, LoPiccolo MC, Alam M. et al. Guidelines for the use of local anesthesia in office-based dermatologic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74 (06) 1201-1219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Countryman N, Hanke C. Practical review of peripheral nerve blocks in dermatologic surgery of the face. Curr Dermatol Rep 2012; 1: 49-54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Zide BM, Swift R. How to block and tackle the face. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 101 (03) 840-851
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Head. In: Moore K, Dalley A, Agur A. eds. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 7th ed.. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2014
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Malamed SF. Handbook of Local Anesthesia. 7th ed.. St. Louis: Mosby; 2020: 330-336
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Cotca C. Inferior alveolar nerve block. 2018 . Accessed December 28, 2020 at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/82622-overview
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Mahajan A, Derian A. Local Anesthetic Toxicity. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2020
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Kapitanyan R, Su M. Local Anesthetic Toxicity. 2019 . Accessed December 30, 2020 at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1844551-overview
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Menon H, Jaidka S, Somani R, Kurup D, Kumar D, Jaidka R. Recent advances in local anesthesia. Int J Adv Res (Indore) 2019; 7: 734-760
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Malamed S. What's new in local anaesthesia?. SAAD Dig 2009; 25: 4-14
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Tavares M, Goodson JM, Studen-Pavlovich D. et al; Soft Tissue Anesthesia Reversal Group. Reversal of soft-tissue local anesthesia with phentolamine mesylate in pediatric patients. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139 (08) 1095-1104
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Moore PA. Innovations in local anesthesia are easing the pain in dentistry. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2018; 39 (04) 256-257
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Daubländer M, Liebaug F, Niedeggen G, Theobald K, Kürzinger ML. Effectiveness and safety of phentolamine mesylate in routine dental care. J Am Dent Assoc 2017; 148 (03) 149-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Malik O, Kaye AD, Kaye A, Belani K, Urman RD. Emerging roles of liposomal bupivacaine in anesthesia practice. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2017; 33 (02) 151-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Barinsky GL, Bresler AY, Paskhover B. Liposomal bupivacaine in rhinoplasty: an underused tool. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 78 (08) 1239-1240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Kim SM, Seo MH, Myoung H, Lee JH. Regional anesthesia for maxillofacial surgery in developing countries. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2016; 16 (04) 245-252
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Benzoni T, Cascella M. Procedural Sedation. Treasure Island, FL: Statpearls Publishing; 2020
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia. Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Anesthesiology 2018; 128 (03) 437-479
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar