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CC BY 4.0 · Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2025; 29(03): s00451809999
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1809999
Original Research

Nasal Foam Packing for Epistaxis: What are the Ideal Characteristics?

Authors

  • Flavio Serafini 

    1   Universidade de Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté, SP, Brazil

  • Isabele Campos Araújo

    1   Universidade de Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté, SP, Brazil

  • Flavia Minhoto

    1   Universidade de Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté, SP, Brazil

  • Ana Luiza Figueira Santos 

    1   Universidade de Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté, SP, Brazil

Funding The authors received no financial support for the research.
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Abstract

Introduction

Epistaxis is a common otorhinolaryngological emergency, usually caused by digital trauma in children, and hypertension in the elderly. General practitioners in emergency rooms assist most of the cases without specific management.

Objectives

Describe suitable properties for efficient nasal packing in adult epistaxis.

Methods

Two cadaver heads, preserved by freezing process, were thawed for this research. When the room temperature was reached, the nasal cavities were evaluated by a nasal endoscope, which showed a length of 4.0 × 11.0 cm for the male and 4.0 × 8.5 cm for the female head. Through an orifice made in the left maxillary bone to access the maxillary sinus, a blue-dyed saline solution was applied using a sphygmomanometer (Premium) to control and mimic blood pressure. The nasal cavity was first packed with two foams with different thicknesses and densities evolved by a condom, then packed by the Merocel packing (Medtronicent Surgical Products Inc.). The pressure was administered and gradually increased until a saline leak was observed in the oropharynx. The best way to insert tampons was also evaluated to avoid extensive trauma.

Results

Despite the difficulty of the application being similar in both nasal packings made with the condom and foam, t33-densityity foam, 2.0 cm thick and 11.0 cm lon resisted to a higher pressure (250mmHg) than the commercial packing Merocel (220mmHg).

Conclusion

The most suitable foam for packaging wrapped with condoms is 2.0 cm thick, as it supported the blood pressure commonly found in epistaxis.

Keywords

tampons - epistaxis - hypertension


Publication History

Received: 24 October 2024

Accepted: 31 January 2025

Article published online:
10 September 2025

© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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Bibliographical Record
Flavio Serafini, Isabele Campos Araújo, Flavia Minhoto, Ana Luiza Figueira Santos. Nasal Foam Packing for Epistaxis: What are the Ideal Characteristics?. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2025; 29: s00451809999.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1809999