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DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1810003
Is it Possible to Reuse the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®)? The “2 Zs” Protocol
Authors
Funding The author(s) received no financial support for the research.
Abstract
Introduction
The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®) is a reliable olfactory test that is easy and quick to apply. It is a one-time use test and its reuse is not recommended by the manufacturer.
Objectives
Because in high-demand healthcare facilities testing all patients with UPSIT® can be costly, in this present study we sought to assess the feasibility of reusing the UPSIT.
Methods
Two hundred and ninety healthy volunteers aged 18 and 40 without olfactory complaints participated in the study. Two hundred and forty volunteers underwent the UPSIT® scratching the small strip of the test doing only 2 Z-shaped scratches (“2 Zs” protocol); each UPSIT® was used 20 times by same-sex participants. The remaining fifty patients performed the UPSIT® in the standard single-use fashion. Adjusted multiple regressions relating to the olfactory test score, number of times the test was applied, and demographic variables were performed.
Results
The mean scores using the UPSIT® repeatedly were lower than those done in the single-use standard fashion. Despite this, the scores remained stable until the tenth time the test was applied. When patients perform the UPSIT® in the “2 Zs” protocol, a correction factor of more 3 points was required in the final score.
Conclusion
UPSIT® reuse up to 10 times is feasible when a 3-point correction factor is added to the final score. The “2 Zs” protocol described is an alternative to reduce costs in epidemiological studies. This study, however, is limited as it was carried out only with healthy individuals.
Publication History
Received: 13 June 2024
Accepted: 24 May 2025
Article published online:
26 September 2025
© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
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Lissa Okamura Asada, Jaqueline dos Santos Andrade, Lisandra Cardoso Bueno, Richard Louis Voegels, Fábio de Rezende Pinna, Marco Aurélio Fornazieri. Is it Possible to Reuse the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT®)? The “2 Zs” Protocol. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2025; 29: s00451810003.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1810003
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