Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2000; 21(5): 338-343
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-3781
Physiology and Biochemistry
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

The Effects of Exercise Training Intensification on Glucose Disposal in Elite Cyclists

J. Manetta,  J. F. Brun,  J. Mercier,  C. Prefaut
  • Service Central de Physiologie Clinique: Centre d'Exploration et de Réadaptation des Anomalies Métaboliques et Musculaires (CERAMM), Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
31 December 2000 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

To assess the effect of training on glucose disposal, we performed a longitudinal study of 11 elite cyclists before and after 4 months of intensive training compared to 11 sedentary subjects. Insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose effectiveness (Sg) were measured using Bergman's minimal model. Sg includes basal insulin effectiveness (BIE) and a parameter termed glucose effectiveness at zero insulin (GEZI). After overnight fasting glucose was administered intravenously (0.5 g × kg-1, 30 % solution given over 3 min), and insulin (0.02 U × kg-1, 1 - 2 U) was injected immediately after 19 min. Sg, SI and BIE, were significantly higher in elite cyclists both before and after training than in sedentary subjects (P < 0.01). However, the non-insulin-dependent component of Sg (GEZI) was higher only after the intensive training in the cyclists (3.31 ± 0.67 % × min-1) than in sedentary subjects (1.7 ± 0.2 % × min-1, P < 0.02). We conclude that insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose effectiveness (Sg) are higher in elite cyclists than in sedentary subjects and that these high and almost optimal values are not further improved by additional training. However, the improvement in GEZI, as reflected by the difference between post-training GEZI and sedentary control values, raises the possibility of an increase of the non-insulin-mediated mobilization of glucose transporters.

Key words:

Glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity, exercise training, minimal model.

References

  • 1 Astrand P O, Rodahl K. Physiological basis of exercise. Textbook of work physiology. 3rd ed. New York; MacGraw Hill 1986
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Bergman R N, Ider Y Z, Bowden C R, Cobelli C. Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity.  Am J Physiol. 1979;  236 E667-E677
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Bergman R N, Finegood D T, Adler M. Assessment of insulin sensitivity in vivo. .  Endocr Rev. 1985;  6 45-86
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Bouix O, Brun J F, Orsetti A. The magnitude, the kinetics and the metabolic efficiency of first-phase insulin response to intravenous glucose are related.  Horm Metab Res. 1993;  25 312-316
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Brun J F, Boegner C, Orsetti A. Le minimal model: un nouvel outil pour l'etude des hypoglycémies du sportif.  Sci Sports. 1994;  9 47-49
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Brun J F, Guintrand-Hugret R, Boegner C, Bouix O, Orsetti A. Influence of short submaximal exercise on parameters of glucose assimilation analyzed with minimal model.  Metabolism. 1995;  44 833-840
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Brun J F, Bouix O, Monnier J F, Blanchon P, Jourdan N, Baccara M T, Fedou C, Orsetti A. Increased insulin sensitivity and basal insulin effectiveness in postprandial reactive hypoglycaemia.  Acta Diabetologica. 1996;  33 1-6
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Brooks G A, Mercier J. Balance of carbohydrate and lipid during exercise: the 'crossover' concept.  J Appl Physiol. 1994;  76 2253-2261
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Douen A G, Ramlal T, Rastogi S. Exercise induces recruitment of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter. Evidence for distinct intracellular insulin- and exercise-recruitable transporter pools in skeletal muscle.  J Biol Chem. 1990;  265 13427-13430
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Engfred K, Kjaer M, Secher N H, Friedman D B. Hypoxia and training-induced adaptation of hormonal responses to exercise in humans.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1990;  68 303-309
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Finegood D T, Tzur D. Reduced glucose effectiveness associated with reduced insulin release: an artifact of the minimal model method.  Am J Physiol. 1996;  271 E485-E495
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Houmard J A, Egan P C, Neufer P D, Friedeman J E, Wheeler W S, Israel R G. Elevated skeletal muscle glucose transporter levels in exercise-trained middle-aged men.  Am J Physiol (Endocrinol Metab. 24). 1991;  261 E437-E443
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Khan S E, Bergman R N, Schwartz M W, Taborsky G J, Porte D Jr. Short-term hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia improve insulin action but do not alter glucose action in normal humans.  Am J Physiol. 1992;  262 E518-E523
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Klip A, Marette A. Acute and chronic signals controlling glucose transport in skeletal muscle.  J Cell Biochem. 1992;  48 51-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Koivisto V A, Yki-Järvinen A, DeFronzo R. Physical training and insulin sensitivity.  Diabetes Metab Rev. 1986;  1 445-481
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Lukaski H C, Johnson P E, Bolonchuch W W, Lykken V. Assessment of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance measurements of the human body.  Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;  41 810-817
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Manetta J, Khaled S, Bouix D, Krechiem K, Brun J F, Orsetti A. Evaluation d'un questionnaire alimentaire court par comparaison avec un entretien diététique chez des sujets sportifs et sédentaires.  Sci Sport. 1997;  12 210-213
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Matthews D R, Hosker J P, Rudenski A S, Naylor B A, Treacher D F, Turner R C. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.  Diabetologia. 1985;  28 412-419
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Mikines K J, Sonne B, Farrel P A. Effect of physial exercise on sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin in humans.  Am J Physiol. 1988;  254 E248-E259
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Monnier J F, Raynaud E, Brun J F, Orsetti A. Evaluation de la répétabilité moyenne d'une technique d'impédancemétrie appliquée à la détermination de la composition corporelle.  Sci Sports. 1997;  12 208-209
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Ni T C, Ader M, Bergman R N. Reassessment of glucose effectiveness and insulin sensitivity from minimal model analysis. A theoretical evaluation of the single compartment glucose distribution assumption.  Diabetes. 1997;  46 1813-1821
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Oja P, Laukkanen R M, Kukkonen-Harjula T K, Vuori I M. Training effect of cross country skiing and running on maximal aerobic cycle performance and blood lipids.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1991;  62 400-404
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Orsetti A, Brun J F, Galtier-Dereure F. Effect de l'obésité sur l'insulino-résistance des DNIDs et des sujets non diabétiques. ALFEDIAM Paris; Diabete & Metabolisme 1996
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Ploug T, StallKnecht B M, Pedersen O, Khan B B, Ohkuwa T, Vinten J, Galbo H. Effect of endurance training on glucose transport capacity and glucose transporter expression in rat skeletal muscle.  Am J Physiol. 1990;  259 E778-E786
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Quon M J, Cochran C, Taylor S I, Eastman R C. Non-insulin-mediated glucose disappearance in subjects with IDDM: discordance between experimental results and minimal-model analysis.  Diabetes. 1994;  43 890-896
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Rodnick K J, Haskell W L, Swislocki A. Demonstration of a relationship between level of physical training and insulin-stimulated glucose utilisation in normal humans.  Am J Physiol. 1987;  253 E 489-E 495
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Rosenthal M, Haskell W L, Solomon R, Widstrom A, Reaven G M. Demonstration of a relationship between level of physical training and insulin-stimulated glucose utilisation in normal humans.  Diabetes. 1983;  32 408-411
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Ruderman N B, Balton T, Zorzano A, Goodman M. The post-exercise state: altered effects of insulin on skeletal muscle and their physiologic relevance.  Diabetes Metab Rev. 1986;  1 425-444
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Seals D R, Hagberg J M, Allen W K, Hurley B F, Dalsky G P, Ehsani A, Hollozy J O. Glucose tolerance in young and older athletes and sedentary men.  J Appl Physiol. 1984;  56 1521-1525
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Steil G M, Bergman R M. Reduced sampling for the minimal model estimate of insulin sensitivity from the modified and standard frequency sampled IVGTT.  Diabetes. 1991;  40 38 A
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Tamburrano G, Leonetti F, Sbraccia P, Giaccari A, Locuratolo N, Lala A. Increased insulin sensitivity in patients with idiopathic reactive hypoglycemia.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;  69 885-891
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Tokuyama K, Higaki Y, Fujitani J, Kiyonaga A, Tanaka H, Shindo M, Fukushima M, Nakal Y, Imura H, Nagata I. Intravenous glucose tolerance test-derived glucose effectiveness in physically trained humans.  Am J Physiol. 1993;  265 E298-E303
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Walton C, Godland I F, Proudler J, Felton C V, Wynn V. Effect of body mass index and fat distribution on insulin sensitivity, secretion in nonobese healthy men.  J Clin Endocr Metab. 1990;  75 170-175
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Wahlund H. Determination of physical working capacity.  Acta Med Scand. 1948;  215 1-78
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Ward G M, Weber K M, Walters I M, Altken P M, Lee B, Best J D, Boston R C, Alford F P. A modified minimal model analysis of insulin sensitivity and glucose-mediated disposal in insulin-dependent diabetes.  Metabolism. 1991;  40 4-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Yang Y J, Youn J A, Bergman R N. Modified protocols to improve insulin sensitivity estimation using the minimal model.  Am J Physiol. 1987;  253 E595-E602
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

J. Manetta

Service Central de Physiologie Clinique (CERAMM) CHU Lapeyronie

371 avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud 34295 Montpellier Cédex 5 France

Phone: Phone:+ 33 (467) 335908

Fax: Fax.:+ 33 (467) 335923

Email: E-mail:physio34@aol.com

      >