Pattern-Based Approaches to Phonological Therapy

ABSTRACT

Pattern-based approaches to phonological disorders emerged in the 1970s and 1980s after researchers realized that phonological ``rules'' used to describe speech patterns of adults could be used in the analysis of children's speech. In this article, a pattern-based approach to assessment and treatment of phonological disorders is described, based on identification and treatment of phonological processes. Means of identifying and quantifying phonological processes are provided and assessment tests are described. Principles underlying the use of phonological processes in intervention programs are presented and decisions regarding target selection are discussed. A case study of the treatment program for one child illustrates the application of phonological processes within a cycles approach.

KEYWORD

Phonological disorders - phonological assessment - phonological treatment - phonological processes

REFERENCES

• 1 Chomsky N, Halle M. The Sound Pattern of English.  New York: Harper & Row 1968
• 2 Stampe D. The acquisition of phonetic representation. In: Binnick R, Davison A, Green G, et al, eds. Papers from the Fifth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society 1969 0: 433-444
• 3 Stampe D. A dissertation on natural phonology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1973
• 4 Ingram D. Phonological Disability in Children.  New York: American Elsevier 1976
• 5 Smith N. The Acquisition of Phonology: A Case Study.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1973
• 6 Elbert M, McReynolds L V. The generalization hypothesis: final consonant deletion.  Lang Speech . 1985;  28 281-294
• 7 Powell T W, Elbert M. Generalization following the remediation of early- and later-developing consonant clusters.  J Speech Hear Disord . 1984;  49 211-218
• 8 Weiner F F. Treatment of phonological disability using the method of meaningful minimal contrast: two case studies.  J Speech Hear Disord . 1981;  46 97-103
• 9 Levelt C. Consonant-vowel interactions in child language. In: Bernhardt B, Gilbert J, Ingram D, eds. Proceedings of the UBC International Conference on Phonological Acquisition Somerset, MA: Cascadilla Press 1996: 229-239
• 10 Stoel-Gammon C. Constraints on consonant-vowel sequences in early words.  J Child Lang . 1983;  10 455-457
• 11 Velleman S. Metathesis highlights feature-by-position constraints. In: Bernhardt B, Gilbert J, Ingram D, eds. Proceedings of the UBC International Conference on Phonological Acquisition Somerset, MA: Cascadilla Press 1996: 173-186
• 12 Bernhardt B, Stemberger J. Handbook of Phonological Development.  New York: Academic Press 1998
• 13 Ingram D. Procedures for the Phonological Analysis of Children's Language.  Baltimore: University Park Press 1981
• 14 Grunwell P. The development of phonology: a descriptive profile.  First Lang . 1981;  1 161-191
• 15 Shriberg L, Kwiatkowski J. Natural Process Analysis (NPA): A Procedure for Phonological Analysis of Continuous Speech Samples.  New York: John Wiley & Sons 1980
• 16 Edwards M. Issues in phonological assessment.  Semin Speech Lang . 1973;  4 351-374
• 17 Stoel-Gammon C, Dunn C. Normal and Disordered Phonology in Children.  Austin, TX: Pro-Ed 1985
• 18 Hodson B. The Assessment of Phonological Processes-Revised. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed/Interstate. 1986
• 19 Weiner F F. Phonological Process Analysis.  Baltimore: University Park Press 1980
• 20 Khan L, Lewis N. Khan-Lewis Phonological Analysis.  Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service 1986
• 21 Goldman R, Fristoe M. Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation.  Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service 1986
• 22 Benjamin B, Greenwood J. A comparison of three phonological assessment procedures.  J Child Commun Disord . 1983;  7 19-27
• 23 Paden E, Moss S. Comparison of three phonological analysis procedures.  Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch . 1985;  16 103-109
• 24 Dyson A, Robinson T. The effect of phonological analysis procedure on the selection of potential remediation targets.  Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch . 1987;  18 364-377
• 25 Springer L, Deputy P. A comparison of two comprehensive phonological process analysis procedures. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, San Francisco 1984
• 26 Edwards M, Bernhardt B. Phonological analyses of the speech of four children with language disorders. Unpublished paper, Stanford University 1973
• 27 Hodson B, Paden E. Targeting Intelligible Speech: A Phonological Approach to Remediation, 2nd ed. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed . 1991
• 28 Grunwell P. Clinical Phonology.  Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems 1981
• 29 Blodgett E, Miller V. Easy Does It for Phonology.  East Moline, IL: Linguisystems 1989
• 30 Bernhardt B. The application of nonlinear phonological theory to intervention with one phonologically disordered child.  Clin Linguist Phonet . 1992;  6 283-316
• 31 Elbert M, McReynolds L V. An experimental analysis of misarticulating children's generalization.  J Speech Hear Res . 1978;  21 136-150
• 32 Hoffman P R. Interallophonic generalization of /r/ training.  J Speech Hear Disord . 1983;  48 215-221
• 33 Elbert M, Powell T W, Swartzlander P. Toward a technology of generalization: how many exemplars are sufficient?.  J Speech Hear Res . 1991;  34 81-87
• 34 McReynolds L V, Engmann. Distinctive Feature Analysis of Misarticulations.  Baltimore: University Park Press. 1975; 
• 35 Edwards M L. Selection criteria for developing therapy goals.  J Child Commun Disord . 1983;  7 36-45
• 36 Blache S E, Parsons C L, Humphreys J M. A minimal-word-pair model for teaching the linguistic significance of distinctive feature properties.  J Speech Hear Disord . 1981;  46 291-296
• 37 Gierut J A, Elbert M, Dinnsen D A. A functional analysis of phonological knowledge and generalization learning in misarticulating children.  J Speech Hear Res . 1987;  30 462-479
• 38 Powell T W, Elbert M, Dinnsen D A. Stimulability as a factor in the phonologic generalization of misarticulating preschool children.  J Speech Hear Res . 1991;  34 1318-1328
• 39 Hodson B, Edwards M L. Perspectives in Applied Phonology.  Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers 1997
• 40 Creaghead N. Linguistic approaches to treatment. In: Creaghead N, Newman P, Secord W, eds. Assessment and Remediation of Articulatory Phonological Disorders, 2nd ed New York: Macmillan 1989: 193-215
• 41 Yavas M. Phonology: Development and Disorders. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing 19973