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DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-815480
Wortschatzerwerb und kognitive Entwicklung
The Development of Vocabulary and Cognitive DevelopmentPublication History
Publication Date:
24 March 2004 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Spracherwerb und kognitive Entwicklung stellen teilweise unabhängige Phänomenbereiche dar (Domänspezifität). Dennoch lassen sich wichtige Zusammenhänge zwischen sprachlichen und kognitiven Entwicklungsveränderungen nachweisen. Einschränkungen im frühen Wortschatzerwerb stellen darüber hinaus ein erhebliches Risiko für die weitere Entwicklung von Kindern dar.
In dem Beitrag wird zunächst ein kurzer Überblick über Anforderungen und Leistungen im frühen Wortschatzerwerb gegeben. Hierauf aufbauend werden speziell die Beziehungen (a) zwischen Wortschatzerwerb (vor allem: Erwerb von Wortformen), auditiver Informationsverarbeitung und Arbeitsgedächtnisleistung sowie (b) zwischen kognitiv-konzeptueller Entwicklung und dem Erwerb von Wortbedeutungen analysiert. Dabei zeigt sich, dass Kinder bereits frühzeitig über eine Reihe wahrnehmungs-, gedächtnis- und lernpsychologischer sowie sozialkognitiver Voraussetzungen verfügen, die es ihnen ermöglichen, das Sprachangebot und die sie umgebende Welt zu analysieren und wichtige Regelmäßigkeiten konzeptueller, lexikalisch-semantischer und formal-sprachlicher Natur abzuleiten. Erworbenes Wissen nimmt wiederum Einfluss auf Wahrnehmungs-, Gedächtnis- und Lernleistungen und stellt oftmals eine der wichtigsten Determinanten späterer Leistungen dar. Die Beziehungen zwischen dem Aufbau von kognitiv-konzeptuellem und lexikalisch-semantischem Wissen sind lokal und bereits frühzeitig bidirektional, ohne sich wechselseitig zu determinieren. Die Rolle spezieller Wortlernmechanismen („lexikalische constraints”) und deren Ursprung werden diskutiert.
Abstract
Language acquisition is a domain in its own right which can not be reduced to cognitive development. Nevertheless there are important interrelations between language learning and cognition that are neither global nor deterministic. The article first presents a short overview on tasks and main steps of word learning in early childhood. Based on this overview, (a) the relationship among word learning (especially the learning of phonological forms), auditory processing, and auditory short-term memory and (b) the relation between conceptual development and word meaning acquisition is analysed. Empirical evidence shows that, from early on, children are equipped with perceptual, memory, and learning abilities that are important for analysing language and non-language input. These competencies help children to abstract important conceptual, lexical-semantic, and formal-language regularities. The acquired knowledge is one of the most important determinants of further learning. Between the acquisition of conceptual knowledge and lexical learning there is no general but rather a highly specific interaction as longitudinal and intercultural studies demonstrate. The relation is bi-directional from early on. Early word learning mechanisms (lexical constraints), their developmental basis and their influences on cognitive development are discussed. Related implications for late talkers and language disordered children are outlined.
Schlüsselwörter
Wortschatzerwerb - Arbeitsgedächtnis - Konzepterwerb - Wortlernprinzipien - spezifische Störungen der Sprachentwicklung
Key words
Lexicon acquisition - working memory - conceptual development - word learning constraints - specific language impairment
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Prof. Dr. Sabine Weinert
Lehrstuhl für Psychologie I
Universität Bamberg
Markusplatz 3
96045 Bamberg