Ballaststoffe und Prävention des Typ-2-Diabetes

Zusammenfassung

Eine vermehrte Ballaststoffeinnahme ist in epidemiologischen Studien konsistent mit einem verringerten Risiko für Typ-2-Diabetes und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen assoziiert. Für lösliche Ballaststoffe konnten günstige Effekte auf den postprandialen Blutzuckeranstieg sowie auf Nüchternlipide, z.B. Gesamt- und LDL-Cholesterin, gezeigt werden. Interessanterweise sind jedoch in großen epidemiologischen Studien hauptsächlich unlösliche Getreideballaststoffe mit einer Risikoreduktion für die genannten Erkrankungen assoziiert, trotz fehlender Effekte dieser Ballaststoffe auf Blutfette oder glykämischen Index. Aufgrund der hier dargestellten Daten und der gezeigten Dosisabhängigkeit der Effekte könnte die Einnahme unlöslicher Ballaststoffe in den gängigen Empfehlungen unterrepräsentiert sein. Neben weiteren Maßnahmen eines gesunden Lebensstils, insbesondere von Gewichtskontrolle, körperlicher Aktivität sowie Nikotinverzicht und Reduktion der Zufuhr gesättigter Fette scheint eine vermehrte Einnahme von unlöslichen Ballaststoffen eine effektive und bezahlbare Maßnahme gegen die Epidemie des Typ-2-Diabetes.

Summary

Available data indicate a clearly negative association of dietary fibre intake and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Intake of soluble dietary fibres has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on postprandial glycemia and certain fasting lipids, such as total and LDL cholesterol concentrations. However, despite an absence of effects on these parameters, it is primarily the insoluble cereal fibre that is consistently linked to risk reduction of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in large epidemiological observations. Thus, the intake of insoluble dietary fibres may be underrepresented in current recommendations. Changes in lifestyle with body weight control and physical exercise as the most important factors, smoking cessation, and changes in dietary habits including a restricted intake of saturated fat and increased consumption of insoluble cereal fibres is likely to be an effective, safe, and low cost approach to markedly reduce the epidemic of type 2 diabetes.

Schlüsselwörter

Lösliche und unlösliche Ballaststoffe - Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 - Insulinresistenz - Lebensstil - glykämischer Index

Key words

Dietary fibre - cereal fibre - type 2 diabetes - insulin resistance - lifestyle - glycemic index

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