“Double jeopardy”: twin problems associated with an esophageal self-expanding metal stent

A 63-year-old man underwent placement of a self-expanding metal stent (SEMS) for palliation across a malignant esophageal stricture due to adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus. He also underwent palliative chemotherapy with good radiological regression of the original tumor. He presented with dyspeptic symptoms 3 months after stent placement, and a gastroscopy revealed the stent to be lying free in the stomach ([Fig. 1]). An attempt was not made to retrieve the stent at the time. He presented again 2 weeks later with abdominal pain and vomiting. An abdominal radiograph revealed features of small-bowel obstruction with two fragments of the stent seen at different levels in the small bowel ([Fig. 2]). A computed tomography scan of the abdomen confirmed this finding ([Fig. 3]). The distal fragment was identified to be lying in the distal ileum, with the proximal fragment in the distal jejunum/proximal ileum. Laparotomy revealed that the stent had indeed fractured into two fragments and that the distal end of the stent lay embedded in the ileal wall with a localized perforation ([Fig. 4]). A limited ileal resection and end-to-end anastomosis was performed. The patient had an uneventful recovery.

SEMS are prone to migration, and migration rates of 5 % – 32 % have been reported, leading to intestinal obstruction in 4.3 % of cases [1]. SEMS have also been known to fracture, and acid corrosion has been blamed for this complication [2] [3]. Fractured stents are very likely to migrate and cause perforation and should therefore be retrieved endoscopically, if possible, from the stomach.

Fig. 1 Endoscopic image of the stent lying free in the stomach.

Fig. 2 Abdominal radiograph showing dilated loops of small bowel with the two fragments of the stent lying at different levels (black arrow: proximal end of the stent; white arrow: distal end).

Fig. 3 Computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealing the two fragments of the stent (black arrow: proximal end of the stent; white arrow: distal end).

Fig. 4 Resected specimen of ileum with the distal end of the stent embedded in the ileal wall (site of the perforation, white arrow) and the proximal end of the stent lying free in the ileal lumen (black arrow).

Endoscopy_UCTN_Code_CPL_1AH_2AD

References

• 1 Ko H K, Song H Y, Shin J H. et al . Fate of migrated oesophageal and gastroduodenal stents: experience in 70 patients.  J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;  18 725-732
• 2 Schoefl R, Winkelbauer F, Haefner M. et al . Two cases of fractured oesophageal nitinol stents.  Endoscopy. 1996;  28 518-520
• 3 Reddy A V, Alwair H, Trewby P N. Fractured oesophageal nitinol stent: report of two fractures in the same patient.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 138-139