Download PDF
Nervenheilkunde 2019; 38(01): 35-39
DOI: 10.1055/a-0774-4080
Schwerpunkt
Georg Thieme Verlag KG

Mobbing im Kindes- und Jugendalter

Folgen und PräventionBullying in childhood and adolescence
Vanessa Jantzer
1   Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
,
Franz Resch
1   Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
,
Michael Kaess
1   Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg
2   Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Bern, Schweiz
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
22 February 2019 (online)

    Permissions and Reprints

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Gegenstand und Ziel Mobbing ist häufig unter Kindern und Jugendlichen; es besteht ein kausaler Zusammenhang zwischen Mobbingerfahrungen und der Ausbildung zahlreicher psychischer und physischer Störungen. Der negative Einfluss von Mobbing betrifft viele Lebensbereiche der Opfer: psychologisch, sozial und ökonomisch. Im Kontext Schule kann und sollte Mobbing effektiv entgegengewirkt werden. Insbesondere präventive Programme für die gesamte Schule, wie das hier vorgestellte „Olweus Präventions-Programm gegen Mobbing und antisoziales Verhalten“, erscheinen vielversprechend.

Schlussfolgerungen Mobbing hat weitreichende Konsequenzen für die betroffenen Opfer sowie für die ganze Gesellschaft. Es braucht verstärkte Anstrengungen in der Entwicklung, Erforschung und Dissemination von präventiven Ansätzen.

Klinische Relevanz Angesichts der klinischen Folgen von Mobbing kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass Betroffene häufiger mit dem Gesundheitssystem in Kontakt kommen als nicht gemobbte Gleichaltrige. Eine erhöhte Sensibilisierung bezüglich der Wichtigkeit der Beziehung zu Gleichaltrigen hat das Potenzial, betroffene Kinder in diesem Kontext effektiver zu erkennen und zu behandeln.

SUMMARY

Content and Objective Bullying is common among children and adolescents; there is a causal relationship between bullying experiences and the development of many psychological and physical disorders. The impact of bullying affects many spheres of a victim´s life: psychological, social and even economic. In school, bullying can and should be effectively counteracted. In particular, whole-school approaches, like the “Olweus Bullying Prevention Program” presented here, seem to be promising.

Conclusions Bullying has long lasting consequences for the respective victims but also society as a whole. Increased efforts are needed in the development, evaluation and dissemination of prevention strategies.

Clinical relevance Given the clinical consequences of bullying, it can be expected that affected children are more likely to get in contact with the professional healthcare system than do their non-bullied peers. Greater awareness concerning the importance of relationship with peers has the potential to more effectively recognize and treat affected children in this context.

Schlüsselwörter

Mobbing - Schule - Prävention

Key words

Bullying - school - prevention
 

  • Literatur

  • 1 Tippett N, Wolke D. Socioeconomic status and bullying: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 2014; 104 (Suppl. 06) e48-59.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Olweus D. Annotation: Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 1994; 35 (Suppl. 07) 1171-90.
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Analitis F, Velderman MK, Ravens-Sieberer U, Detmar S, Erhart M, Herdman M. u.a. Being bullied: associated factors in children and adolescents 8 to 18 years old in 11 European countries. Pediatrics 2009; 123 (Suppl. 02) 569-77.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, Simons-Morton B, Scheidt P. Bullying behaviors among US youth: prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. JAMA 2001; 285 (Suppl. 16) 2094-100.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Melzer W. et al. (Mobbing and violence at school. Trends from 2002 to 2010). Gesundheitswesen Bundesverb Arzte Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes Ger 2012; 74 Suppl: S76-83.
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Card NA, Hodges EVE. Peer victimization among schoolchildren: Correlations, causes, consequences, and considerations in assessment and intervention. Sch Psychol Q 2008; 23 (Suppl. 04) 451-61.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Hawker DSJ, Boulton MJ. Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2000; 41 (Suppl. 04) 441-55.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Zwierzynska K, Wolke D, Lereya TS. Peer victimization in childhood and internalizing problems in adolescence: a prospective longitudinal study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2013; 41 (Suppl. 02) 309-23.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Copeland WE, Wolke D, Angold A, Costello EJ. Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry 2013; 70 (Suppl. 04) 419-26.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Lereya ST, Copeland WE, Costello EJ, Wolke D. Adult mental health consequences of peer bullying and maltreatment in childhood: two cohorts in two countries. Lancet Psychiatry 2015; 2 (Suppl. 06) 524-31.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Reijntjes A, Kamphuis JH, Prinzie P, Telch MJ. Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children. Child Abuse Negl 2010; 34 (Suppl. 04) 244-52.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Ttofi MM, Farrington DP, Lösel F, Loeber R. Do the victims of school bullies tend to become depressed later in life? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Aggress Confl Peace Res 2011; 3 (Suppl. 02) 63-73.
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Barker ED. et al. Joint development of bullying and victimization in adolescence: Relations to delinquency and self-harm. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008; 47 (Suppl. 09) 1030-8.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Jantzer V, Haffner J, Parzer P, Resch F. Opfer von Bullying in der Schule: Depressivität, Suizidalität und selbstverletzendes Verhalten bei deutschen Jugendlichen. Kindh Entwickl 2012; 21 (Suppl. 01) 40-6.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Brunstein Klomek A. et al. The association of suicide and bullying in childhood to young adulthood: a review of cross-sectional and longitudinal research findings. Can J Psychiatry 2010; 55 (Suppl. 05) 282-8.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Smith PK. et al. Profiles of non-victims, escaped victims, continuing victims and new victims of school bullying. Br J Educ Psychol 2004; 74 Pt 4 565-81.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Gini G, Pozzoli T. Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2009; 123 (Suppl. 03) 1059-65.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Nakamoto J, Schwartz D. Is Peer Victimization Associated with Academic Achievement?. Soc Dev 2010; 19 (Suppl. 02) 221-42.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Moore SE, Norman RE, Suetani S, Thomas HJ, Sly PD, Scott JG. Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Psychiatry 2017; 7 (Suppl. 01) 60-76.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Takizawa R, Maughan B, Arseneault L. Adult health outcomes of childhood bullying victimization: evidence from a five-decade longitudinal British birth cohort. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171 (Suppl. 07) 777-84.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Evans-Lacko S, Takizawa R, Brimblecombe N, King D, Knapp M, Maughan B. u.a. Childhood bullying victimization is associated with use of mental health services over five decades: a longitudinal nationally representative cohort study. Psychol Med 2017; 47 (Suppl. 01) 127-35.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Sourander A. et al. Association of Bullying Behavior at 8 Years of Age and Use of Specialized Services for Psychiatric Disorders by 29 Years of Age. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73 (Suppl. 02) 159-65.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Espelage DL, De La Rue L. School bullying: Its nature and ecology. In: Srabstein JC. et al. (eds.) Bullying: A public health concern. Hauppauge, NY, US: Nova Science Publishers; 2013: S. 23-37.
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Vreeman RC, Carroll AE. A systematic review of school-based interventions to prevent bullying. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007; 161 (Suppl. 01) 78-88.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Ttofi MM, Farrington DP. Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. J Exp Criminol 2011; 7 (Suppl. 01) 27-56.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Olweus D, Limber SP. The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program: Implementation and evaluation over two decades. In: Jimerson SR. et al. (eds.) Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective. New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group; 2010: S. 377-401.
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Limber SP. Development, evaluation, and future directions of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. J Sch Violence 2011; 10 (Suppl. 01) 71-87.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Beckman L, Svensson M. The cost-effectiveness of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program: Results from a modelling study. J Adolesc 2015; 45: 127-37.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Jantzer V. et al. The cost incurred by victims of bullying from a societal perspective: estimates based on a German online survey of adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 17. September 2018.
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Kaess M. Bullying: peer-to-peer maltreatment with severe consequences for child and adolescent mental health. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 12. Juli 2018.
    Google Scholar
  • 31 Jaffee SR. Child maltreatment and risk for psychopathology in childhood and adulthood. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2017; 13: 525-51.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Mynard H, Joseph S, Alexander J. Peer-victimisation and posttraumatic stress in adolescents. Personal Individ Differ 2000; 29 (Suppl. 05) 815-21.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Idsoe T, Dyregrov A, Idsoe EC. Bullying and PTSD symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2012; 40 (Suppl. 06) 901-11.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Leenarts LEW. et al. Evidence-based treatments for children with trauma-related psychopathology as a result of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 22 (Suppl. 05) 269-83.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Wolke D. Dieter Wolke: „Wichtige Entwicklungseinflüsse wurden übergangen“ (Internet). 2017 (zitiert 31. Juli 2018). https://www.escap.eu/research/bullying/wolke-interview-german
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Dale J, Russell R, Wolke D. Intervening in primary care against childhood bullying: an increasingly pressing public health need. J R Soc Med 2014; 107 (Suppl. 06) 219-23.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Scott E. et al. Young people who are being bullied – do they want general practice support?. BMC Fam Pract 2016; 17 (Suppl. 01) 116.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar