Introduction
Since its introduction in 2008, peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has become the minimally
invasive endoscopic treatment of choice for achalasia [1]
[2]. However, the incidence of significant gastroesophageal reflux (GER) post-POEM has
been reported in multiple studies [3]
[4]. In order to overcome this potential adverse event, we conducted a pilot study where
an endoscopic partial fundoplication was added to the standard POEM procedure (POEM + F).
Here, we report as a case series, the technical details of POEM + F and the short-term
safety of the procedure. This is also the largest case series of pure peroral (no
laparoscopic assistance) natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) in
the human foregut.
Methods
Study population
The study was conducted between August 2017 and February 2018 at Showa University
Koto Toyosu Hospital (Tokyo, Japan). Patients scheduled to undergo POEM for achalasia
were offered POEM + F. Achalasia was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and high
resolution manometry using Chicago 3.0 classification [5]. Patients with significant cardiac comorbidities or gastric surgery were excluded.
The POEM + F study was approved by the Showa University research ethics committee
(IRB approval number: 17T5010). Written consent was obtained from all patients before
POEM + F.
POEM + F procedure
The POEM + F procedure consists of two major steps: POEM and fundoplication.
POEM
A standard POEM procedure consists of the creation of a submucosal tunnel in the anterior
wall of the esophagus at the 12 o’clock position. The tunnel adequacy, in terms of
orientation and length, is confirmed by transillumination across the lesser curvature
of the gastric wall by using the double-scope technique [6]. A full-thickness myotomy is then carried out in the distal esophagus and extended
for about 3 cm along the gastric wall.
Prior to fundoplication, a pediatric gastroscope (XP260N; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) is
placed in the retroflexed position to evaluate the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ)
for its laxity. After performing myotomy, a widely opened GEJ can been confirmed.
Fundoplication ([Video 1])
The post-POEM fundoplication procedure consists of three steps: entry into the peritoneal
cavity; distal and proximal anchoring of the endoloop with clips (the loop and clip
technique); and closure of the endoloop.
Video 1 Peroral endoscopic myotomy with fundoplication.
Step 1 – Entry into the peritoneal cavity ([Fig. 1a])
The diaphragmatic crus is endoscopically identified from the submucosal tunnel as
a mobile pale-colored indentation that separates the mediastinum from the abdominal
cavity. This can be further confirmed by its contraction in response to application
of electric current by coagulation forceps. Distal to the diaphragm, a full-thickness
myotomy is carried out along the anterior wall of the submucosal tunnel in a 12 o’clock
orientation. This defect is enlarged using a combination of a triangle tip (TT) knife
(KD645; Olympus) and coagulation forceps (FD-410LR; Olympus) ([Fig. 1b]).
The peritoneum is grasped and gently dissected using a blend of soft and forced coagulation
to open and enter the peritoneal cavity. Meticulous coagulation of intervening blood
vessels is carried out to prevent any bleeding. Pneumoperitoneum is achieved with
CO2 insufflation through the endoscope (GIF-Q260J; Olympus) and confirmed by palpation
of the abdominal wall. Upon entering the peritoneal cavity, the left hepatic lobe
is visualized ([Fig. 1c]). With continued CO2 insufflation for optimal visualization, the scope is angulated upwards and to the
left in order to reach the anterior surface of the gastric wall.
Fig. 1 Conventional peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is completed at the anterior wall
of the esophagus. Next, the peritoneal cavity is accessed through the submucosal tunnel.
a Schematic drawing of POEM with fundoplication (POEM + F) procedure (Step 1). The
endoscope is advanced into the peritoneal cavity, just after passing the diaphragmatic
crus. b Entry into the peritoneal cavity. Distal to the diaphragm, a full-thickness myotomy
is carried out along the anterior wall of the submucosal tunnel in a 12 o’clock orientation.
This defect is enlarged using a combination of a Triangle Tip knife (Olympus, Tokyo,
Japan) and coagulation forceps. c The endoscope is advanced into the peritoneal cavity. The left lobe of the liver
and the anterior side of the stomach can be seen. Source for illustration: Kent Sakaguchi
Step 2 – Distal and proximal anchoring of the endoloop with clips (loop and clip technique)
([Fig. 2a])
The pediatric gastroscope is placed into the stomach in a retroflexed position to
help identify the optimal site for fundoplication. In order to identify the ideal
distal anchoring site on the gastric wall that would correspond to the starting point
of the fundoplication, multiple “simulations” are carried out by grasping and pulling
the anterior gastric wall towards the GEJ at different sites. The site that creates
the most prominent identifiable wrap with closure of the GEJ hiatus as seen from the
retroflexed scope, is selected for placement of the distal anchor with clips.
A 2-cm endoloop (HX-400U-30; Olympus) in the open position is then gently grasped
by a clip (Quick Clip Pro, HX-610 – 090S; Olympus) and carried through the submucosal
tunnel into the peritoneal cavity ([Fig. 2b]). The endoloop is positioned and fixed with the aid of four clips to the previously
identified distal anchoring site. The other end of the open endoloop is fixed to the
edges of the dissected esophageal muscle located at the junction of the submucosal
tunnel and the peritoneal cavity using four clips (HX-610 – 090S; Olympus) (proximal
anchoring site) ([Fig. 2c])
Fig. 2 Anchoring the endoloop with endoclips to the anterior wall of the gastric fornix
and the esophagogastric junction. a Schematic drawing of peroral endoscopic myotomy with fundoplication (POEM + F) procedure
(Step 2). The endoloop is fixed to the anterior gastric wall and the distal end of
the submucosal tunnel with clips. b The distal anchor at the gastric anterior wall. c Proximal anchor clips at the distal end of the submucosal tunnel. Source for illustration:
Kent Sakaguchi
Step 3 – Closure of the endoloop ([Fig. 3a])
This step involves closure of the endoloop to retract the anterior gastric wall. Under
direct visualization, the endoloop is gradually tightened until complete closure is
achieved. This partially rotates and pulls the relatively mobile anterior gastric
wall (distal anchoring site) towards the fixed distal esophageal myotomy site (proximal
anchor), creating a mechanical barrier that narrows the GEJ hiatus. This mimics the
mechanical antireflux barrier of a surgical partial fundoplication. Care is taken
to keep the clips placed at the myotomy site in the peritoneal cavity (distal anchoring
site) ([Fig. 3b]). The retraction of the gastric wall and creation of the partial wrap of the gastric
cardia is confirmed by the retroflexed pediatric gastroscope placed within the stomach.
Fig. 3 Closure of the endoloop, creating fundoplication. a Schematic drawing of peroral endoscopic myotomy with fundoplication (POEM + F) procedure
(Step 3). b By closing the endoloop, the distal anchor clips are pulled towards the proximal
anchor clips. The endoloop is closed tightly and anterior partial fundoplication is
achieved. Source for illustration: Kent Sakaguchi
Results
A total of 21 patients (mean age 45.4 years (SD 14.0); 10 male) underwent the POEM + F
procedure. Patients’ perioperative characteristics are shown in [Table 1].
Table 1
Patient demographic and perioperative characteristics of peroral endoscopic myotomy
followed by fundoplication.
|
POEM + F (n = 21)
|
|
Age, mean (SD), years
|
45.4 (14.0)
|
|
Sex, male/female, n
|
10/11
|
|
Type, straight/sigmoid, n
|
18/ 3
|
|
Degree of dilation, I/II/III, n
|
9/10/2
|
|
Chicago classification, I/II/III/other, n
|
13/5/1/2[1]
|
|
Preoperative IRP pressure, mean (SD), mmHg
|
22.8 (12.2)
|
|
Duration of disease, mean (SD), years
|
7.2 (7.4)
|
|
Primary procedure, none/PBD/other, n
|
18/3/0
|
|
Baseline Eckardt score, mean (SD)
|
5.7 (1.8)
|
|
Procedure completion rate, n (%)
|
21 (100)
|
|
Total operation time, minutes
|
|
|
|
118.9 (20.2)
|
|
|
115 (92 – 178)
|
|
Fundoplication time, minutes
|
|
|
|
51.3 (18.5)
|
|
|
44 (28 – 88)
|
|
Acute adverse event[2], n (%)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Postoperative stay, mean (SD), days
|
4.7 (0.8)
|
IRP, integrated relaxation pressure; PBD, pneumatic balloon dilation; POEM + F, peroral
endoscopic myotomy followed by fundoplication.
1 Ineffective esophageal motility, Jackhammer esophagus.
2 Bleeding, infection, and any other organ injury.
The partial rotation and traction of the anterior gastric wall toward the GEJ created
a visually identifiable wrap that mimicked partial fundoplication; this could be seen
in all cases. Both still images and video recording were used to compare the pre-
and postfundoplication status of the GEJ. Retroflex view of the GEJ after endoscopic
fundoplication showed narrowing of the GEJ compared with the preprocedure endoscopic
findings. The passage of the scope across the GEJ after fundoplication also felt tighter
compared with preprocedure.
The fundoplication was technically feasible in all cases (n = 21). The fundoplication
added 51.3 minutes (SD 18.5; range 28 – 88) to the POEM procedure time. The pneumoperitoneum
was intentional and resolved with removal of the CO2 gas through the scope or with abdominal/external decompression of the peritoneal
cavity. The clinical course after POEM + F was uneventful.
No immediate or delayed complications occurred. Hospital stay and use of analgesia
were similar to the conventional POEM procedure.
On follow-up endoscopy at 2 months, almost all POEM + F patients visually appeared
to maintain the wrap across the GEJ (95.2 %; n = 20).
Discussion
GER due to disruption of the lower esophageal sphincter is a major complication of
the POEM procedure and has been reported in multiple studies [3]
[4]. After a surgical Heller myotomy for achalasia, a fundoplication (Dor procedure)
is often carried out to prevent subsequent GER. The aim of our study was to assess
the technical feasibility of endoscopic fundoplication following the POEM procedure.
We hoped to achieve this by endoscopically entering the peritoneal cavity through
the original tunnel created for the POEM procedure, and retracting the anterior gastric
wall to create a partial mechanical barrier and to narrow the hiatus at the GEJ.
In this proof-of-concept study, we were able to access the peritoneal cavity through
the submucosal tunnel created for the POEM procedure. At least visually, the concept
of creating a mechanical barrier (fundoplication) by retracting the anterior gastric
wall appears to have been achieved. Most importantly, there were no complications,
specifically in terms of bleeding or damage to abdominal viscera.
Although the endoscopic approach to the peritoneal cavity through the esophagus has
been described previously, this study, to our knowledge, is the first attempt to endoscopically
replicate the results of a surgical procedure (fundoplication) and is both trans-peritoneal
and uses a NOTES procedure. To our knowledge, this is the largest case series in humans
of peroral “pure” NOTES of the foregut.
The relative ease and safety of this procedure suggest that this transperitoneal approach
may also be incorporated into other diagnostic and therapeutic interventions requiring
intraperitoneal access, ultimately increasing its use and clinical value.
Conclusions
Although larger, prospective studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this technique,
POEM + F may help mitigate the post-POEM incidence of GER and serve as a minimally
invasive endoscopic alternative to the laparoscopic Heller-Dor procedure.
