Alkoholkonsum und Krebsrisiko

Abstract

Alcohol use is one of the most important and potentially modifiable risk factors for cancer in Germany. The more and the longer a person drinks, the higher the risk of cancer. Even modest use of alcohol may increase cancer risk. Statistically, every German drinks more than 100 gram of alcohol per week; this amount is currently considered to be the limit of low-risk use. Alcohol is causally associated with oropharyngeal and larynx cancer, esophageal squamous cell cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. People with long-term risky alcohol use should be encouraged to join programs of cancer screening. Alcohol cessation appears to be effective in reducing the alcohol-induced, increased cancer risk.

Alkoholkonsum zählt zu den wichtigsten vermeidbaren Krebsursachen in Deutschland. Und doch konsumiert der „statistische“ Bundesbürger weit mehr als die „risikoarme“ Menge von 100 Gramm Alkohol pro Woche. Je mehr und je länger jemand trinkt, umso größer ist das Krebsrisiko, nicht nur für die Leber, sondern auch für Mundhöhle, Pharynx, Larynx, Brust, Ösophagus und Dickdarm. Wie groß genau und wie sich Kofaktoren auswirken, zeigt dieser Beitrag.

Schlüsselwörter

Darmkrebs - Kopf-Hals-Tumoren - Brustkrebs - Leberkrebs - Ösophaguskarzinom - präventive Tumormedizin

Key words

colorectal - esophageal - hepatocellular - breast - head and neck carcinoma - cancer prevention

• Literatur

• 1 Deutsche Hauptstelle für Suchtfragen. Im Internet: www.dhs.de/datenfakten/alkohol.html ; Stand: 22.04.2019
• 2 Wood AM, Kaptoge S, Butterworth AS. et al. Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet 2018; 391: 1513-1523
• 3 Millwood IY, Walters BG, Mei XW. et al. Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500000 men and women in China. Lancet 2019; 393: 1831-1842
• 4 Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E. et al. Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose–response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2015; 112: 580-593
• 5 Schütze M, Boeing H, Pischon T. et al. Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study. BMJ 2011; 342: d1584
• 6 LoConte NK, Brewster AM, Kaur JS. et al. Alcohol and Cancer: A Statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36: 83-93
• 7 Im Internet: www.scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2017/11/13/my-alcohol-tracker-could-amazons-alexa-help-you-cut-down-on-your-drinking/?_ga=2.65632873.613061027.1555997944-1234381278.1479409069 ; Stand: 22.04.2019
• 8 Seitz HK, Stickel F. Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-mediated carcinogenesis. Nature Review Cancer 2007; 7: 599-612
• 9 Seitz HK. Alcohol and cancer – individual risk factors. Addiction 2017; 112: 232-233 . doi:10.1111/add.13664
• 10 Scherübl H, Seitz HK. Lebensführung und gastroenterologische Erkrankungen. In: Lammert F, Lerch MM. Hrsg. Weissbuch Gastroenterologische Erkrankungen 2018/19. Herne: FRISCHTEXTE Verlag; 2018/19 273-276
• 11 Homann N, Stickel F, König IR. et al. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1c*1 allele is a genetic marker for alcohol-associated cancer in heavy drinkers. Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 1998-2002
• 12 Scherübl H, Cataldegirmen G, Eick J. et al. Field cancerisation of the upper aerodigestive tract: Screening for second primary cancers of the oesophagus in cancer survivors. EMJ Oncol 2015; 3: 21-28
• 13 Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y. et al. Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 292-293
• 14 Peng Q, Chen H, Huo JR. et al. Alcohol consumption and corresponding factors: A novel perspective on the risk factors of esophageal cancer. Oncology Letters 2016; 11: 3231-3239
• 15 Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K. et al. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer--collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 1234-1245
• 16 Rehm J, Soerjomataram I, Ferreira-Borges C. et al. Does alcohol use affect cancer risk?. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-0267-0.
• 17 Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Ritz J. et al. Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 603-613
• 18 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018. Alcoholic Drinks and the Risk of Cancer. Im Internet: www.dietandcancerreport.org ; Stand: 22.04.2019
• 19 Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft. Im Internet: www.krebsgesellschaft.de/onko-internetportal/basis-informationen-krebs/krebsarten/andere-krebsarten/leberkrebs/risiko-und-ursache.html ; Stand: 22.04.2019
• 20 Loomba R, Yang HI, Su J. et al. Synergism between obesity and alcohol in increasing the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177: 333-342
• 21 Korc M, Jeon C, Edderkaoui M. et al. Tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31: 529-536
• 22 Wang YT, Gou YW, Jin WW. et al. Association between alcohol intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMC Cancer 2016; 16: 212 . doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2241-1
• 23 Rahman F, Cotterchio M, Cleary SP. et al. Association between alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk: a case-control study. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0124489
• 24 Littleton J, Barron S, Prendergast M. et al. Smoking kills (alcoholics)! Shouldn’t we do something about it?. Alcohol Alcohol 2007; 42: 167-173
• 25 Seitz HK, Bataller R, Cortez-Pinto H. et al. Alcoholic liver disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4: 16
• 26 Rehm J, Patra J, Popova S. Alcohol drinking cessation and its effect on esophageal and head and neck cancers: a pooled analysis. Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 1132-1137
• 27 Mendes E. American Cancer Society. More than 4 in 10 Cancers and Cancer Deaths Linked to Modifiable Risk Factors. 2017 Im Internet: www.cancer.org/latest-news/more-than-4-in-10-cancers-and-cancer-deaths-linked-to-modifiable-risk-factors.html ; Stand: 22.04.2019
• 28 Mons U, Gredner T, Behrends G. et al. Cancers due to smoking and high alcohol consumption. Dtsch Ärzteblatt Int 2018; 115: 571-577