Strukturelle, funktionelle und neurochemische Bildgebung bei der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Nachdem über 2 Dekaden die Anzahl der Bildgebungsstudien zur Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) rasant angestiegen ist, zeichnet sich in den letzten Jahren eine Plateaubildung auf hohem Niveau ab. Das Ziel der meisten dieser Studien war es, die zugrunde liegenden strukturellen und funktionellen Hirnkorrelate bei Patienten mit ADHS zu charakterisieren oder den diagnostischen Nutzen von bildgebungsbasierten Markern zu untersuchen. Während neue Analysemethoden immer tiefere Einsichten in die neuroanatomischen Grundlagen der ADHS erlauben, liegen nach wie vor große Herausforderungen bei der Erforschung der ADHS Hirnanatomie und -funktion in der Heterogenität des Krankheitsbildes sowie unterschiedlich ausgeprägten neuroanatomischen Merkmalen bei Kindern und Erwachsenen mit ADHS. Auch gibt es bezüglich des Zusammenhanges zwischen beobachteten neuroanatomischen Veränderungen und klinischen Symptomen bzw. neuropsychologischen Defiziten bislang wenige gesicherte Erkenntnisse. In diesem Artikel möchten wir die wichtigsten Ergebnisse hirnstruktureller, funktioneller und neurochemischer Bildgebungsstudien bei Kindern und Erwachsenen mit ADHS zusammenfassen und deren Potenzial für die Entwicklung neurobiologischer Marker diskutieren.

ABSTRACT

After two decades of rapid growth in the number of imaging studies on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a plateau at a high level has been reached in recent years. Most of these studies aimed to characterize the underlying structural and functional brain correlates in patients with ADHD or to investigate the diagnostic value of imaging-based markers. While new methods of analysis allow deeper insights into the neuroanatomical basis of ADHD, major challenges in the research of ADHD brain anatomy and function lie in the heterogeneity of the disorder as well as in the varying neuroanatomical characteristics of children and adults with ADHD. Also, there is little evidence to date regarding the relationship between observed neuroanatomical changes and clinical symptoms or neuropsychological deficits. In this article we would like to summarize the most important results of brain-structural, functional and neurochemical imaging studies in children and adults with ADHD and discuss their potential for the development of neurobiological markers.

Schlüsselwörter

ADHS - Bildgebung - Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit/Hyperaktivitätsstörung - MRT

Key words

ADHD - neuroimaging - attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder - MRI

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