Epidemiologische Studien zu chronischen Straßenlärm-Expositionen und dem Blutdruck: Ein systematischer Review mit Metaanalysen

Zusammenfassung

Zielsetzung Ziel dieses Reviews ist es, die aktuelle epidemiologische Studienlage zu Assoziationen zwischen chronischen Straßenlärm-Expositionen und der Prävalenz der arteriellen Hypertonie sowie dem Blutdruck darzustellen und in Metaanalysen zu explorieren.

Methodik Es erfolgte eine systematische Literaturrecherche in den Datenbanken Medline^® und Web of Science™. Ergänzend wurde nach grauer Literatur in der Datenbank OpenGrey gesucht. Eingeschlossen wurden epidemiologische Studien, die Zusammenhänge zwischen objektiven Straßenlärm-Expositionen am Wohnsitz der Probanden und der Prävalenz der arteriellen Hypertonie oder dem gemessenen Blutdruck untersuchten. Wenn möglich wurden in Metaanalysen Gesamteffekte für die untersuchten Assoziationen berechnet. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit R für Windows.

Ergebnisse Es wurden 31 relevante Studien identifiziert und Metaanalysen für potenzielle Assoziationen zwischen Straßenlärm und der Prävalenz der arteriellen Hypertonie bei Erwachsenen und für Assoziationen mit dem systolischen und diastolischen Blutdruck in beiden Altersgruppen durchgeführt. Für Erwachsene konnte ein statistisch signifikanter (p<0,01) Anstieg für das Risiko einer arteriellen Hypertonie bei Exposition gegenüber chronischem Straßenlärm mit einer Zunahme um 7% pro 5 dB(A) festgestellt werden. Die berechneten Gesamteffekte für Assoziationen mit dem systolischen Blutdruck waren sowohl für Kinder als auch für Erwachsene nur schwach positiv und ohne statistische Signifikanz. Für den diastolischen Blutdruck waren in beiden Altersgruppen keine Zusammenhänge erkennbar.

Schlussfolgerung Aufgrund methodischer Limitierungen und einer hohen Heterogenität der Einzelstudien, die sich auch in den Random-Effects-Modellen abbildet, ist die Aussagekraft der geschätzten Effekte stark eingeschränkt. Um potenzielle Einflüsse von Straßenlärm auf den Endpunkt arterielle Hypertonie und den Blutdruck angemessen untersuchen zu können, sollten zukünftig mehr prospektive Kohortenstudien mit einer präzisen Methodik, u.a. bezüglich der Expositionserfassung, der Bestimmung der Endpunkte und der Berücksichtigung relevanter Kofaktoren, durchgeführt werden.

Abstract

Aim The aim of this study was to review epidemiological studies on the association between chronic exposures to road traffic noise and prevalence of arterial hypertension as well as blood pressure by using meta-analyses.

Methods A systematic literature search in the databases Medline^® and Web of science™ as well as the database OpenGrey was conducted to identify suitable studies, namely epidemiological observational studies assessing objective exposures to road traffic noise at the subject’s home place with analysis of their potential associations with arterial hypertension or blood pressure. Whenever possible, overall effects for the different relationships were estimated with meta-analyses. For statistical analyses R for windows was used.

Results A total of 31 eligible studies were identified. Meta-analyses were conducted for potential association between road traffic noise and prevalence of arterial hypertension in adults and for association with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults and children. There was a significant (p<0.01) increase of risk for arterial hypertension in adults when exposed to chronic road traffic noise with an increment of 7% per 5 dB(A). Overall effects for systolic blood pressure were positive but weak for children as well as adults without any statistical significance. For diastolic blood pressure there appeared to be no relationship with chronic exposure to road traffic noise in either of the two groups.

Conclusion Considering the multiple methodological limitations of studies examined as well as the high level of heterogeneity in all random effects models, the estimated overall effects must be interpreted with caution. To examine potential associations between road traffic noise and arterial hypertension or measured blood pressure appropriately, more prospective cohort studies are necessary with precise assessments of noise exposure as well as clinical endpoints and with adjustments for relevant cofactors.

Schlüsselwörter

Straßenlärm - Arterielle Hypertonie - Blutdruck - Review - Metaanalysen

Key words

road traffic noise - hypertension - blood pressure - review - meta-analyses

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