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Synlett 2021; 32(07): 701-707
DOI: 10.1055/a-1310-5213
DOI: 10.1055/a-1310-5213
letter
Enantioselective Halocyclization of Indole Derivatives: Using 1,3-Dihalohydantoins with Anionic Chiral Co(III) Complexes
We are grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant 21672002), the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar (1908085J07), and the Shennong Scholar Program of Anhui Angricultural University and National Undergraduate Training Program for Innovation and Entrepreneurship (202010364039).
Abstract
Highly enantioselective halocyclization reactions of indole derivatives, including tryptophols and tryptamines, have been accomplished by means of anionic chiral Co(III) complexes and 1,3-dihalohydantoins (as little as 0.50 equiv). 3-Halo-fused indolines were obtained in excellent yields (up to 98%) and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee), employing the chiral anion phase-transfer-catalysis strategy.
Key words
anion phase-transfer catalysis - chiral Co(III) complex - Brønsted acid - indole derivatives - halocyclizationSupporting Information
- Supporting information for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1310-5213.
- Supporting Information
Publication History
Received: 19 October 2020
Accepted after revision: 13 November 2020
Accepted Manuscript online:
13 November 2020
Article published online:
08 January 2021
© 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved
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12
General Experimental Procedures for a Representative Iodocyclization to 3a
A 10 mL oven-dried vial was charged with DIDMH (0.10 mmol or 0.05 mmol), catalyst Λ-1a (7.2 mg, 0.01 mmol), activated 4 Å MS (100.0 mg) and CCl4 (4.0 mL) at room temperature in the absence of light. The mixture was cooled to –20 °C and stirred for 30 min. A precooled solution of tryptophol 2a (0.10 mmol) in CCl4 (1.0 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture over 20 min, and the reaction was stirred vigorously until the reaction was complete (monitored by TLC). The reaction was then quenched with pre-cooled NEt3 (–20 °C, 1.0 mmol) and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 (0.50 mL). After workup, the mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, PE/EtOAc = 10:1) to give the enantioenriched product 3a. Yield for 1.0 equiv DIDMH, 37.9 mg (98%); yield for 0.5 equiv DIDMH, 32.5 mg (84%); (flash column chromatography eluent, PE/EtOAc = 10:1); colorless oil; [α]D
20 –82.6 (c 0.38 CH3OH). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.79 (s, 1 H), 7.39 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.23 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.05 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.45–6.17 (m, 1 H), 3.85–3.76 (m, 1 H), 3.45–3.32 (m, 1 H), 2.99–2.86 (m, 2 H), 1.61 (s, 9 H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 151.92, 129.93, 125.17, 123.84, 115.02, 110.12, 103.32, 82.23, 67.81, 67.32, 47.91, 28.46. HRMS (ESI). m/z calcd for C15H18INNaO3 [M + Na]+: 410.0229; found: 410.0223; ee for 1.0 equiv DIDMH, 95%; ee for 0.5 equiv DIDMH, 92%; determined by HPLC (Daicel Chirapak IE, hexane/isopropanol = 90:10, flow rate 1.0 mL/min, T = 30 °C, 254 nm): t
maj = 9.20 min, t
min = 8.43 min.
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13 See the Supporting Information for details.
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14 CCDC 1938720 (3b) and 1938617 (4b) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. The data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via . www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/getstructures
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15
General Experimental Procedures for a Representative Bromocyclization to 4a
A 10 mL oven-dried vial was charged with DBDMH (0.10 mmol or 0.05 mmol), catalyst Λ-1a (7.2 mg, 0.01 mmol), activated 4 Å MS (100.0 mg) and PhMe/CCl4 (1:20, 4.0 mL) at room temperature in the absence of light. The mixture was cooled to –30 °C and stirred for 30 min. A precooled solution of tryptophol 2a (0.10 mmol) in PhMe/CCl4 (1:20, 1.0 mL) was added dropwise to the mixture over 20 min, and the reaction was stirred vigorously until the reaction was complete (monitored by TLC). The reaction was then quenched with pre-cooled NEt3 (–30 °C, 1.0 mmol) and saturated aqueous Na2S2O3 (0.50 mL). After workup. the mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel, PE/EtOAc = 10:1) to give the enantioenriched product 4a. Yield for 1.0 equiv DBDMH, 32.3 mg (95%); yield for 0.5 equiv DBDMH, 28.6 mg (84%); (flash column chromatography eluent, PE/EtOAc = 10:1); colorless oil; [α]D
20 –137.1 (c 0.32 CH3OH). 1H NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.84 (s, 1 H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 7.28 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.08 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1 H), 6.34–6.12 (m, 1 H), 4.00 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1 H), 3.53–3.45 (m, 1 H), 2.94–2.86 (m, 1 H), 2.80 (dd, J = 12.3, 3.8 Hz, 1 H), 1.60 (s, 9 H). 13C NMR (151 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 151.86, 141.73, 131.86, 130.50, 124.87, 123.76, 115.00, 100.87, 82.28, 67.79, 61.77, 45.09, 28.43; ee for 1.0 equiv DBDMH, 96%; ee for 0.5 equiv DBDMH, 96%; determined by HPLC (Daicel Chirapak IC, hexane/isopropanol = 70:30, flow rate 1.0 mL/min, T = 30 °C, 254 nm): t
maj = 4.41 min, t
min = 4.04 min.
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For selected reviews, see:
For selected early examples of asymmetric halofunctionalization, see:
For selected examples of asymmetric halogenation involving DCDMH, see:
For selected examples of asymmetric halogenation involving DBDMH, see:
For selected reviews, see:
For selected examples on chiral anions catalysis, see:
For recent reviews, see:
For selected examples, see: