Chancen und Risiken der Nutzung genetischer Resistenzen gegen Infektionskrankheiten beim Schwein – eine Übersicht

Zusammenfassung

Ansprüche an Gesundheit, Leistung und Wohlbefinden beim Schwein sowie der Wunsch nach Verbraucherschutz und reduziertem Antibiotikaeinsatz erfordern optimale Maßnahmen im Vorfeld möglicher Erkrankungen. Hierzu zählt prinzipiell auch der Einsatz genetisch resistenterer Linien und Elterntiere, deren Existenz für eine breite Palette an Erreger-Wirts-Interaktionen belegt ist. Außerdem wird versucht, die für die Krankheitsresistenz verantwortlichen Genvarianten zu identifizieren, um die Selektion geeigneter Populationen auch unter Einsatz neuerer biotechnischer Verfahren zu forcieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Überblick über den dabei erreichten Forschungsstand geben sowie Chancen und Risiken für die Zukunft aufzeigen.

Die Auswertung der internationalen Literatur zeigt, dass sich in vielen Bereichen der Schweinekrankheiten genetische Krankheitsresistenzen abzeichnen. Polygener Erbgang, fehlende Tiermodelle und der Einfluss von Umweltfaktoren während des Etablierungsprozesses erschweren jedoch deren Implementierung in praktische Zuchtprogramme. Hier treten neuere molekulargenetische Methoden, wie das „Gene Editing“ auf den Plan. Beide Ansätze bringen grundsätzlich pros und contras mit sich, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit besprochen werden. Hierbei werden die wichtigsten Infektionskrankheiten beim Schwein, aufgeteilt nach Allgemeinerkrankungen und Tierseuchen, Erkrankungen des Respirations- und Digestionstrakts und des Immunsystems berücksichtigt.

Abstract

Demands for health, performance and welfare in pigs, as well as the desire for consumer protection and reduced antibiotic use, require optimal measures in advance of disease development. This includes, in principle, the use of genetically more resistant lines and breeding animals, whose existence has been proven for a wide range of pathogen-host interactions. In addition, attempts are being made to identify the gene variants responsible for disease resistance in order to force the selection of suitable populations, also using modern biotechnical technics. The present work is intended to provide an overview of the research status achieved in this context and to highlight opportunities and risks for the future.

The evaluation of the international literature shows that genetic disease resistance exist in many areas of swine diseases. However, polygenic inheritance, lack of animal models and the influence of environmental factors during evaluation render their implementation in practical breeding programs demanding. This is where modern molecular genetic methods, such as Gene Editing, come into play. Both approaches possess their pros and cons, which are discussed in this paper. The most important infectious diseases in pigs, including general diseases and epizootics, diseases of the respiratory and digestive tract and diseases of the immune system are taken into account.

Schlüsselwörter

Krankheitsresistenz - Genomanalyse - Gene Editing - Schwein

Key words

Disease resistance - genome analysis - Gene Editing - pig

Publication History

Received: 09 November 2021

Accepted: 26 January 2022

Article published online:
02 March 2022

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