Keywords
Endoscopy Lower GI Tract - GI surgery
Introduction
Complete rectal prolapse is a circumferential rectal prolapse from the anus. This
condition is associated with fecal incontinence and is common among older women, especially
those in the median age range of 80 years [1]
[2]
[3]. General anesthesia is risky for many of these patients due to their comorbidities.
The lack of consensus regarding the optimal surgical option for correcting underlying
pelvic floor defects in full-thickness rectal prolapse cases is evident due to the
wide range of available surgical modalities. Therefore, a simple, safe, and reliable
surgical method is needed for complete rectal prolapse treatment without general anesthesia
or colon resection.
We have developed a novel endoscopic technique for patients at high risk for prolonged
surgical time and general anesthesia. Our method was performed endoscopically using
a two-shot anchor and abdominal wall fixture to straighten the intussuscepted sigmoid
colon and rectum. Specifically, this method involved pushing the sigmoid colon upward
within the sigmoid colon itself ([Fig. 1]). This technique applies colonoscopy-assisted percutaneous sigmoidopexy (CAPS),
which we previously reported as a sigmoid colon volvulus treatment [4]. This report describes the results of CAPS application in complete rectal prolapse
cases.
Fig. 1
a Complete rectal prolapse clinical findings. Endoscopic clips are placed at the tip
of the prolapsed bowel (yellow circle). b A fluoroscopic image of a reflexed complete rectal prolapse. The clip is located
at the border between the sigmoid colon and rectum (yellow arrow). In this case, this
indicates that the rectal prolapse is consists of half sigmoid colon and half rectum.
In addition, the rectum is straightened by advancing the sigmoid colon with the endoscope.
Patients and methods
Study design
This study was a prospective case series, which received approval by the International
University of Health and Welfare Hospital Ethics Committee (approval no. 13-B-97)
and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained
from the involved patients or their representative family members.
Patients
The study was conducted between June 2016 and 2021. We enrolled consecutive participants
diagnosed with complete rectal prolapse at the International University of Health
and Welfare Hospital outpatient department (Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan). The exclusion
criteria involved patients who did not undergo the treatment procedure after receiving
a detailed study explanation or those with difficult endoscopic treatment, including
those with infectious enteritis.
Using medical records, this feasibility study assessed operative time, blood loss,
complications, recurrence rate, symptom improvement, and postoperative constipation
(defined as no bowel movement for > 3 days).
Procedures
The procedure was performed in a fluoroscopy room rather than an operating room. The
procedure was performed by two doctors, one conducting the endoscopy and the other
handling the puncturing. A radiology technician and nurse assisted the procedure.
The following outlines the step-by-step operative process:
-
Bowel cleansing was performed 1 day before the surgery.
-
The prolapsed rectum and sigmoid colon were reduced during the operation through transanal
colonoscope insertion under fluoroscopic guidance.
-
The endoscope was pushed against the anterior proximal rectal wall, straightening
the intussuscepted sigmoid colon and rectum while also approximating the puncture
site.
-
Following our previous sigmoid volvulus fixation report [1], several tests were conducted on the determined fixation site. These included a
transmitted illumination test (where the abdominal wall was observed for transmitted
light emitted from the endoscope tip to confirm non-diffusion), a puncture test using
a 23G needle, and an abdominal wall finger push test (where finger pressure is applied
on the abdominal wall to observe that a finger-shaped compressed image is on the endoscope).
These tests confirmed that there was no other organ involvement, including the small
intestine.
-
The fixation site was locally anesthetized with 1% xylocaine, and a 2-mm skin incision
was made using a scalpel.
-
A two-shot anchor (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was inserted [1] into the sigmoid colon lumen ([Fig. 2]
a), and the nylon thread with a metal bar at the tip
(T-bar) was detached and pulled toward the body surface ([Fig. 2]
b).
-
Following the same technique, the two-shot anchor punctured through the subcutaneous
tissue at a 3-mm distance. The two nylon threads were ligated subcutaneously.
-
The sigmoid colon was anchored using the same technique to the abdominal wall in approximately
six places with an approximate 3-cm distance on the distal side ([Fig. 3]).
Fig. 2
a Endoscopically straightened rectum and sigmoid colon. b View of the sigmoid colon fixed with a two-shot anchor (yellow circle) with the rectum
straightened.
Fig. 3 Postoperative follow-up computer tomography imaging demonstrating the T-bars used
for fixation, with their position remaining unchanged. The rectum is fixed to the
sigmoid colon while straightening the rectum.
Results
During the study period, 13 patients (four men and nine women) were diagnosed with
complete rectal prolapse. No patients met the exclusion criteria; therefore, all were
treated with CAPS. The median patient age was 88 years (range: 50–94 years). The median
body mass index (BMI) was 20.9 kg/m2 (range: 18.1–25.8 kg/m2). All patients had a fecal incontinence history (4, intermittent; 9, constant). Their
medical history included myocardial infarction (n=2), heart failure (n=2), and dementia
(n=3). No abdominal surgical history was noted in any patients.
The procedure was performed under local anesthesia. The median procedure time for
CAPS was 30 minutes (range: 20–60 minutes); the median time limited to fixation was
18 minutes (range: 15–45 minutes); and the median fixation number was six (range:
3–10). One patient suffered a bowel obstruction on the postoperative day 7 a transverse
mesocolon malpuncture. This malpuncture was treated by laparotomy with causative fixation
thread removal and re-fixation. Fecal incontinence improved in 10 of 13 patients.
No postoperative constipation was observed in any patients.
In this study, the median observation duration was 42 months (range: 12–54 months).
Postoperative recurrence occurred in four of 13 patients (30%) at 2, 3, 15, and 48
months.
No complications were reported during the follow-up period. Simple abdominal computed
tomography (CT) of the metal T-bar, securing the two-shot anchor, demonstrated no
position change. No abdominal symptom worsening was reported among the patients, including
diarrhea, constipation, or bowel obstruction.
Discussion
We performed CAPS in patients with rectal prolapse. In this case series, CAPS was
found to be a quick and simple procedure.
Transabdominal and transperineal surgery are the surgical methods for complete rectal
prolapse. Transabdominal surgery involves sigmoid fixation to the anterior sacrum
and sigmoid colon resection. Moreover, transperineal surgery includes the Altemeier,
Delorme, as well as Gant-Miwa method and is often used in cases in which general anesthesia
or other perioperative factors pose a high risk. The perineal surgery recurrence rate
ranges from 14% to 27% within 4 years postoperatively [5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]. The Gant-Miwa operation is a simple procedure; however, it is associated with a
30% recurrence rate [6]. In addition, the Altemeier procedure has been suggested to decrease postoperative
rectal compliance [9]. However, it poses a suture failure risk as it necessitates intestinal anastomosis.
All these existing methods require approximately 100 surgical minutes [9]. Shen et al. [10] reported that the time required for the modified Gant-Miwa procedure and anal encircling
was 75 minutes (range: 50–165 minutes). Similarly, Cirocco [11] stated that the Altemeier procedure took 97.7 minutes (range: 50–180 minutes). However,
Ganapathi et al.[12] described that existing laparoscopic procedures (posterior mesh rectopexy or resection
rectopexy) took 108 minutes (standard deviation [SD]: 24). Recent multicenter randomized
clinical trials indicate that laparoscopic ventral rectopexy developed by Hoore et
al. is a safe method with low recurrence and constipation rates [13]
[14]. Furthermore, this procedure is recommended in current, complete rectal prolapse
guidelines [15]. However, simpler procedures may be better for patients who cannot
receive general anesthesia or those deemed high risk requiring a short procedure.
CAPS does not require mesh suturing or general anesthesia.
In this study, CAPS was performed in a fluoroscopy room, which is more economical
than an operating room. The CAPS procedure generally lasted 30 minutes (range: 20–60
minutes), demonstrating its swiftness and simplicity compared to other existing methods.
There is no suture failure risk because no bowel resection is involved. In addition,
due to its minimally invasive nature, the procedure is associated with virtually no
bleeding as it is performed through a small epidermal incision and puncture method.
In this study, the CAPS recurrence rate was 30% (n=4/13), which is comparable to existing
transabdominal approaches and surgeries performed under local anesthesia. Because
CAPS does not involve bowel resection, the serious complication likelihood is low,
even with an increased case number.
The one bowel obstruction complication case due to transverse mesocolon malpuncture
was thought to be due to abnormal transverse colon descent. Therefore, caution should
be exercised when CT scans reveal such signs preoperatively. It is expected that malpuncture
can be pre-emptively identified using CT imaging after conducting a series of cases.
Therefore, careful consideration should be given to this issue in future cases.
The study limitations include that it was a single-center, Japanese case series and
that many patients had a low BMI. In addition, this was a pilot study, and a detailed
evaluation was not performed. For future research, a multicenter study is needed evaluating
patient symptoms using symptomatic standardized questionnaires. This research should
ideally examine the feasibility as well as validate the recurrence and complication
rate.
Conclusions
CAPS is a simple as well as swift procedure and is a complete rectal prolapse treatment
option under local anesthesia.
