Übersicht über Einsatzmöglichkeiten von In-house-Tests zum Nachweis von systemischen Infektionskrankheiten beim Hund

Zusammenfassung

Zum Nachweis von Infektionskrankheiten existieren neben den in kommerziellen Laboratorien durchführbaren Verfahren auch sogenannte Point-of-care- (POC-) oder In-house-Tests. Diese basieren auf einem Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) oder anderen immunchromatografischen Testprinzipien und liefern binnen weniger Minuten direkt vor Ort ein Testergebnis. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Qualität der zahlreichen POC-Tests verschiedener Hersteller zum Nachweis von Parvovirus-Antigen im Kot, Antigen von Dirofilaria (D.) immitis im Blut sowie zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi, Anaplasma (A.) spp., Ehrlichia (E.) spp., Leptospira (L.) spp. und Leishmania (L.) infantum im Blut (einzeln oder in Kombinationen). Entscheidend für den Nutzen der Tests sind ihre Sensitivität und Spezifität. Auch muss das Vorhandensein von Antikörpern oder der Nachweis von Antigen mit dem Auftreten einer klinischen Erkrankung einhergehen. POC-Tests zum Nachweis von Parvovirus-Antigen im Kot besitzen zwar eine sehr hohe Spezifität, die Sensitivität aller evaluierten Tests ist jedoch sehr niedrig. Die POC-Tests zum Nachweis von D. immitis besitzen eine sehr hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität. Da sie Antigen aus dem Uterus adulter, weiblicher Tiere nachweisen, ist der Test jedoch negativ, wenn keine oder zu wenig adulte, weibliche Dirofilarien vorhanden sind. Der POC-Test zum Nachweis von B.-burgdorferi-Antikörpern zeigt nur den Erregerkontakt an und nicht die klinische Erkrankung, da das Auftreten von Antikörpern nur in seltensten Fällen mit einer Erkrankung einhergeht. Ebenso ist der POC-Test zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen A. phagocytophilum zur Diagnose einer klinischen Anaplasmose ungeeignet, da auch diese Infektion nur selten zur Erkrankung führt und wenn, dann Symptome in der Regel vor Ausbildung der Antikörper auftreten. Zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen E. canis zeigen die POC-Tests eine sehr hohe Sensitivität und Spezifität. POC-Tests zum Nachweis von Antikörpern gegen L. infantum und Leptospira-Spezies (spp.) besitzen ebenfalls eine sehr hohe Spezifität und eine hohe Sensitivität. Jedoch kann es bei Letzteren zu positiven Ergebnissen nach einer Impfung kommen, da die Tests nicht zwischen Feld- und Impfantikörpern unterscheiden können.

Abstract

For detection of infectious diseases, several point-of-care (POC) tests are on the market in addition to methods performed in commercial laboratories. These POC tests are based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or other immunochromatographic technologies and present results within few minutes in veterinary practice. This article gives an overview of the utility of numerous POC tests of different manufacturers for detection of parvovirus antigen in feces, Dirofilaria (D.) immitis antigen in blood as well as antibodies against Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi, Anaplasma (A.) spp., Ehrlichia (E.) spp., Leptospira (L.) spp. and Leishmania (L.) infantum in blood (single or in different combinations). Sensitivity and specificity of these tests are important for their usefulness in veterinary practice. Furthermore, presence of antibodies or detection of antigen has to correlate with the presence of clinical signs. POC tests for detection of canine parvovirus antigen have a very high specificity, the sensitivity of all evaluated POC tests, however, is very low. POC tests for detection of D. immitis antigen have a very high sensitivity and specificity. As they detect antigen from the uterus of female adult parasites, test results are negative when only very few female or only male adults are present. POC tests for detection of antibodies against B. burgdorferi only indicate contact with Borrelia spp. and do not prove clinical Lyme disease, as the infection only extremely rarely causes clinical signs. POC tests for detection of antibodies against A. phagocytophilum are also not suitable for diagnosis of clinical anaplasmosis. Infections with A. phagocytophilum only lead to clinical disease in very rare cases and in these, clinical signs occur before the development of antibodies. POC tests for detection of antibodies against E. canis have a very high sensitivity as well as specificity. POC tests for detection of antibodies against L. infantum and Leptospira species (spp.) show a very high specificity and a high sensitivity. However, Leptospira spp. antibody-positive results may occur following vaccination, as the POC tests cannot distinguish between field and vaccination strains.

Schlüsselwörter

Kanine - Schnelltest - Point-of-care-Test - Antigen - Antikörper

Keywords

Canine - point-of-care test - antigen - antibody

Publication History

Received: 24 April 2023

Accepted: 06 August 2023

Article published online:
03 May 2024

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