Understanding and Treating Hepatorenal Syndrome: Insights from Recent Research

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical and often fatal complication in decompensated cirrhosis, significantly affecting inpatient survival rates. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), a distinct subtype of AKI, develops in individuals with advanced cirrhosis and portal hypertension. It is marked by progressive kidney dysfunction, poor prognosis, and frequently causes death before liver transplantation. The pathogenesis of HRS involves vasodilation of the splanchnic vessels, leading to overactivation of the endogenous vasoactive systems, circulatory dysfunction, and reduced renal perfusion, which ultimately impairs glomerular filtration. Recent studies have highlighted the role of systemic inflammation in exacerbating renal damage. Despite these changes, renal histology in HRS usually shows no significant abnormalities, and there is typically no hematuria, proteinuria, or abnormal findings on ultrasound. Common risk factors for HRS include spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, infections, and large-volume paracentesis without albumin infusion. Diagnosing HRS is challenging, particularly in distinguishing it from acute tubular necrosis, due to the absence of specific biomarkers. Treatment primarily involves vasoconstrictors such as terlipressin and albumin, with liver transplantation being the definitive therapeutic option. This review provides an updated understanding of HRS, addressing its pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and future challenges, based on recent expert consensus.

Keywords

hepatorenal syndrome - acute kidney injury - terlipressin - albumin - simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation

Authors' Contributions

Y.S.: Conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, software, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. X.Y.: Methodology, supervision. C.Y.: Conceptualization, funding acquisition, resources, supervision, validation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing.

Publication History

Accepted Manuscript online:
01 April 2025

Article published online:
29 April 2025

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