Assessment of Fracture Distribution and Involvement of Functional Systems Following Craniomaxillofacial Trauma in 48 Cats

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess fracture distribution and involvement of functional systems in cats presenting with craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma using computed tomography imaging. Involvement of functional systems, including the oral cavity, nasal airways and nasopharynx, orbita and eye and neurocranium, including the tympanic bulla, was assessed.

Materials and Methods

The study consisted of 48 cats with complete computed tomography imaging of the skull using a ‘1.0-mm’ slice thickness. Fractures were classified according to their anatomical location, and the involvement of functional systems was assessed.

Results

Fractures of the mandible were most common and present in 40/48 cats. Fractures of the temporomandibular joint were found in 25/48 cats. Fractures involving the maxillofacial structures were present in 36/48 cats. Fractures of the orbita, nasopharynx, zygomatic arch and neurocranium were diagnosed in 30/48, 29/48, 12/48 and 6/48 cats, respectively. Combined involvement of two or more functional systems was present in 36/48 cats. Functional system involvement of the oral cavity combined with nasal airways was found in 36/46 cats. Involvement of the nasal airways combined with the orbita and eye was found in 30/36 cats.

Conclusion

Craniomaxillofacial trauma in cats causes multifocal, concomitant involvement of functional systems. A multimodal therapeutic approach to all potential functional deficits seems to be essential in managing craniomaxillofacial trauma in the cat.

Keywords

craniomaxillofacial trauma - fracture distribution - maxilla - mandible - temporomandibular joint - cat

Authors' Contribution

S.W. contributed to the conception, study design, acquisition of data, data analysis and interpretation. L.F.H.T. contributed to the conception and study design. S.W. drafted, revised, and is publicly responsible for the relevant content. I.K. approved the submitted manuscript. L.F.H.T. drafted, revised, and approved the submitted manuscript.

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 29. August 2024

Angenommen: 09. Juli 2025

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
22. Juli 2025

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