RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/a-2791-8690
Anästhesiologische Konzepte in der interventionellen Bronchoskopie – aktuelle Strategien und anästhesiologische Herausforderungen
Anaesthesiological Concepts in Interventional Bronchoscopy – Current Strategies and Anaesthesiological ChallengesAutor*innen
Zusammenfassung
Die Einführung der Lungenkrebsfrüherkennung als Leistung der gesetzlichen
Krankenversicherung wird zu einer steigenden Zahl diagnostischer und interventioneller
Bronchoskopien führen, um eine frühzeitige Therapieeinleitung und verbesserte
onkologische Outcomes zu ermöglichen. Damit wächst die Bedeutung evidenzbasierter
anästhesiologischer Konzepte zur Sicherstellung von Patientensicherheit und
Prozedurerfolg.
Dieser Übersichtsartikel fasst aktuelle anästhesiologische
Strategien, Oxygenierungs- und Beatmungskonzepte sowie Monitoringverfahren in der
interventionellen Bronchoskopie zusammen und bewertet deren klinische Evidenz
hinsichtlich Sicherheit, Risiken und Ergebnisqualität.
Während die diagnostische
Bronchoskopie häufig unter Lokalanästhesie und moderater Sedierung durchgeführt
wird,
erfordert die moderne interventionelle Bronchoskopie ein individualisiertes
anästhesiologisches Management. Komplexe und invasive Verfahren wie transbronchiale
Kryobiopsien, endobronchiale Tumorablationen oder Stentimplantationen stellen erhöhte
Anforderungen an Analgosedierung, Atemwegssicherung sowie Oxygenierungs- und
Beatmungsstrategien. Der geteilte Atemweg erfordert eine enge interdisziplinäre
Zusammenarbeit zwischen interventionellem und anästhesiologischem Team sowie die
kontinuierliche Aufrechterhaltung von Oxygenierung und Ventilation während der
gesamten
Prozedur.
Das Spektrum anästhesiologischer Verfahren reicht von Analgosedierung bis
zur Allgemeinanästhesie mit Muskelrelaxation. Zur Atemwegssicherung stehen augmentierte
Spontanatmung, supraglottische Atemwegshilfen, endotracheale Techniken, starre
Bronchoskopie sowie Katheter zur Jet-Ventilation zur Verfügung. Etablierte
Oxygenierungs- und Beatmungsformen umfassen konventionelle Sauerstoffapplikation
nasale
„High-Flow“-Sauerstofftherapie (HFNO), konventionelle Beatmung und Jet-Ventilation,
die
abhängig von Intervention und Patientenprofil kombiniert eingesetzt werden
können.
Individuell adaptierte Anästhesiekonzepte sind entscheidend für die
Reduktion prozeduraler Komplikationen und den Erfolg interventioneller Bronchoskopien.
Sie erfordern eine strukturierte präinterventionelle interdisziplinäre Evaluation
sowie
standardisierte periinterventionelle Strategien. Die Wahl des Anästhesieverfahrens
sollte patienten- und prozedurspezifisch unter Berücksichtigung von Komorbiditäten,
Atemwegs- und Lungenpathologie sowie Invasivität und Dauer der Intervention
erfolgen.
Abstract
As lung cancer screening is now covered by statutory health insurance and with the
goal of early cancer detection, the number of diagnostic and interventional
bronchoscopic procedures is expected to increase substantially – in order to facilitate
timely treatment and improve patient survival. This trend underscores the growing
importance of evidence-based anaesthesiological management in interventional
bronchoscopy.
This review summarises current anaesthetic strategies, oxygenation and
ventilation techniques, and the monitoring modalities used in interventional
bronchoscopy. The review critically appraises the available evidence regarding
safety,
risk profiles, and procedural outcomes.
While diagnostic bronchoscopy is commonly
performed under local anaesthesia, with or without moderate sedation to improve
patient
comfort, modern interventional bronchoscopy imposes significantly higher demands
on
anaesthetic care. Increasingly complex and invasive procedures, such as transbronchial
cryobiopsy, airway stent implantation, and endobronchial tumour ablation, require
tailored approaches to analgesia, anaesthesia, airway management, and respiratory
support, in order to ensure procedural success and patient safety. The shared airway
necessitates close interdisciplinary collaboration and the continuous maintenance
of
adequate oxygenation and ventilation throughout the intervention.
Anaesthetic
strategies range from various levels of procedural sedation to general anaesthesia
with
neuromuscular blockade. Airway management options include augmented spontaneous
breathing, supraglottic airway devices, infraglottic techniques such as rigid
bronchoscopy, endotracheal tubes, and specialised catheters for jet ventilation.
In
addition to conventional oxygen supplementation, established respiratory support
modalities include high-flow nasal oxygen therapy, controlled mechanical ventilation,
and jet ventilation, which may be selected or combined – depending on procedural
and
patient-specific requirements.
Individually adapted anaesthetic concepts are
essential for minimising procedural complications and optimising outcomes. This
requires
structured pre-interventional interdisciplinary evaluation and the implementation
of
standardised peri-interventional strategies. The choice of anaesthetic technique
should
be individualised, considering patient-related risk factors, comorbidities, underlying
pulmonary pathology, and the type and invasiveness of the bronchoscopic
procedure.
Schlüsselwörter
interventionelle Bronchoskopie - anästhesiologisches Management - Atemwegsmanagement - Sedierung - Allgemeinanästhesie - Jet-VentilationKeywords
interventional bronchoscopy - anaesthetic management - airway management - sedation - general anaesthesia - jet ventilationPublikationsverlauf
Eingereicht: 03. November 2025
Angenommen nach Revision: 12. Januar 2026
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
19. Februar 2026
© 2026. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Oswald-Hesse-Straße 50, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literatur
- 1 Miller DP, Snavely AC, Dharod A. et al. A Direct-to-Patient Digital Health Program for Lung Cancer Screening: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2025; 334: 1807-1815
- 2 Miller RJ, Chrissian AA, Kheir F. et al. American Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology (AABIP) Evidence-Based Guidelines on Bronchoscopic Diagnosis and Staging of Lung Cancer. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2025; 32: e1034
- 3 Nguyen P, Shah PL. Contemporary Concise Review 2024: New Techniques in Interventional Pulmonology. Respirology 2025; 30: 697-704
- 4 Paradis TJ, Dixon J, Tieu BH. The role of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of airway disease. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8: 3826-3837
- 5 Fernandes MGO, Santos VF, Martins N. et al. Endobronchial Ultrasound under Moderate Sedation versus General Anesthesia. J Clin Med 2018; 7: 421
- 6 Matthes S, Treml M, Hübner RH. et al. A Systematic Review of the Safety of Sedation during Flexible Bronchoscopy. Respiration 2025;
- 7 Wahidi MM, Herth F, Yasufuku K. et al. Technical Aspects of Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2016; 149: 816-835
- 8 de Lima A, Kheir F, Majid A. et al. Anesthesia for interventional pulmonology procedures: a review of advanced diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy. Can J Anaesth 2018; 65: 822-836
- 9 Mahmood K, Frazer-Green L, Gonzalez AV. et al. Management of Central Airway Obstruction: An American College of Chest Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline. Chest 2025; 167: 283-295
- 10 Defosse J, von Dossow V, Dudek W. et al. [Presurgical evaluation of adult thorax-surgery patients with oncologically resectable tumours – a joint recommendation of DGAI, DGT and DGP]. Pneumologie 2025; 80: 27-49
- 11 Cracco C, Fartoukh M, Prodanovic H. et al. Safety of performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy in critically ill hypoxemic patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 45-52
- 12 Kim SY, Lee HJ, Lee JK. et al. Association between oxygen saturation level during bronchoscopy and post-bronchoscopy adverse events: a retrospective cohort study. Respir Res 2022; 23: 144
- 13 Darie AM, Grize L, Jahn K. et al. Preventing oxygen desaturation during bronchoscopy in COPD patients using high-flow oxygen versus standard management: the randomised controlled PROSA 2 trial. Eur Respir J 2025; 65: 2401586
- 14 Neuman Y, Koslow M, Matveychuk A. et al. Increased hypoxemia in patients with COPD and pulmonary hypertension undergoing bronchoscopy with biopsy. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10: 2627-2632
- 15 Patolia S, Farhat R, Subramaniyam R. Bronchoscopy in intubated and non-intubated intensive care unit patients with respiratory failure. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13: 5125-5134
- 16 Arcadu A, Moua T. Bronchoscopy assessment of acute respiratory failure in interstitial lung disease. Respirology 2017; 22: 352-359
- 17 Darie AM, Schumann DM, Laures M. et al. Oxygen desaturation during flexible bronchoscopy with propofol sedation is associated with sleep apnea: the PROSA-Study. Respir Res 2020; 21: 306
- 18 Chung F, Abdullah HR, Liao P. STOP-Bang Questionnaire: A Practical Approach to Screen for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Chest 2016; 149: 631-638
- 19 Marti-Soler H, Hirotsu C, Marques-Vidal P. et al. The NoSAS score for screening of sleep-disordered breathing: a derivation and validation study. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 742-748
- 20 Zöllner C. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin. [Preoperative evaluation of adult patients before elective, non-cardiothoracic surgery: A joint recommendation of the German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, the German Society for Surgery and the German Society for Internal Medicine]. Anaesthesiologie 2024; 73: 294-323
- 21 Shlobin OA, Adir Y, Barbera JA. et al. Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung diseases. Eur Respir J 2024; 64: 2401200
- 22 Diaz-Fuentes G, Bajantri B, Adrish M. Safety of Bronchoscopy in Patients with Echocardiographic Evidence of Pulmonary Hypertension. Respiration 2016; 92: 182-187
- 23 Mayhew D, Mendonca V, Murthy BVS. A review of ASA physical status – historical perspectives and modern developments. Anaesthesia 2019; 74: 373-379
- 24 Sankar A, Johnson SR, Beattie WS. et al. Reliability of the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status scale in clinical practice. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113: 424-432
- 25 Horvath B, Kloesel B, Todd MM. et al. The Evolution, Current Value, and Future of the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System. Anesthesiology 2021; 135: 904-919
- 26 Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL. et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40: 373-383
- 27 Bhananker SM, Posner KL, Cheney FW. et al. Injury and liability associated with monitored anesthesia care: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 228-234
- 28 Metzner J, Domino KB. Risks of anesthesia or sedation outside the operating room: the role of the anesthesia care provider. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2010; 23: 523-531
- 29 Metzner J, Posner KL, Lam MS. et al. Closed claims’ analysis. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2011; 25: 263-276
- 30 von Itzstein MS, Gupta A, Mara KC. et al. Increasing Numbers and Reported Adverse Events in Patients with Lung Cancer Undergoing Inpatient Lung Biopsies: A Population-Based Analysis. Lung 2019; 197: 593-599
- 31 Hillienhof A. S2K-Leitlinie: Bronchoskopie bei Erwachsenen. Dtsch Ärztebl 2025; 122: 545
- 32 Gaisl T, Bratton DJ, Heuss LT. et al. Sedation during bronchoscopy: data from a nationwide sedation and monitoring survey. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16: 113
- 33 Dobson G, Chong MA, Chow L. et al. Procedural sedation: a position paper of the Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society. Can J Anaesth 2018; 65: 1372-1384
- 34 Koers L, Eberl S, Cappon A. et al. Safety of moderate-to-deep sedation performed by sedation practitioners: A national prospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 35: 659-666
- 35 Tonner PH, Wehrmann T, Riphaus A. [The updated S3 guidelines: sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy: Innovations and relevant aspects for the routine. Anaesthesiologie 2025; 74: 103-108
- 36 American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 1004-1017
- 37 Wahidi MM, Jain P, Jantz M. et al. American College of Chest Physicians consensus statement on the use of topical anesthesia, analgesia, and sedation during flexible bronchoscopy in adult patients. Chest 2011; 140: 1342-1350
- 38 José RJ, Shaefi S, Navani N. Sedation for flexible bronchoscopy: current and emerging evidence. Eur Respir Rev 2013; 22: 106-116
- 39 Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Anesthesiology [Anonym]. 2018; 128: 437-479
- 40 Bauer TT, Torres A, Ewig S. et al. Effects of bronchoalveolar lavage volume on arterial oxygenation in mechanically ventilated patients with pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27: 384-393
- 41 Antonelli M, Conti G, Rocco M. et al. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation vs. conventional oxygen supplementation in hypoxemic patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy. Chest 2002; 121: 1149-1154
- 42 Salahuddin M, Sarkiss M, Sagar AS. et al. Ventilatory Strategy to Prevent Atelectasis During Bronchoscopy Under General Anesthesia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial (Ventilatory Strategy to Prevent Atelectasis -VESPA- Trial). Chest 2022; 162: 1393-1401
- 43 Nay MA, Mankikian J, Auvet A. et al. The effect of fibreoptic bronchoscopy in acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental evidence from a lung model. Anaesthesia 2016; 71: 185-191
- 44 Kuo AS, Philip JH, Edrich T. Airway ventilation pressures during bronchoscopy, bronchial blocker, and double-lumen endotracheal tube use: an in vitro study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014; 28: 873-879
- 45 Smeijsters KMG, Bijkerk RM, Daniels JMA. et al. Effect of Bronchoscopy on Gas Exchange and Respiratory Mechanics in Critically Ill Patients With Atelectasis: An Observational Cohort Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5: 301
- 46 Jones AM, O’Driscoll R. Do all patients require supplemental oxygen during flexible bronchoscopy?. Chest 2001; 119: 1906-1909
- 47 Shinozaki Y, Morikawa K, Hirotaka K. et al. A prospective observation study of the dynamic monitoring of transcutaneous arterial blood oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide during bronchoscopy. Respir Res 2024; 25: 361
- 48 Bordini M, Olsen JM, Siu JM. et al. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring in children undergoing rigid bronchoscopy: a prospective blinded observational study. Can J Anaesth 2025; 72: 273-284
- 49 Birmingham B, Mentzer SJ, Body SC. Laryngeal mask airway for therapeutic fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1996; 10: 519-520
- 50 Pikman Gavriely R, Freund O, Tiran B. et al. Laryngeal mask airway or high-flow nasal cannula versus nasal cannula for advanced bronchoscopy: a randomised controlled trial. ERJ Open Res 2025; 11: 00421-2024
- 51 Yang LQ, Zhu L, Shi X. et al. Postoperative pulmonary complications in older patients undergoing elective surgery with a supraglottic airway device or tracheal intubation. Anaesthesia 2023; 78: 953-962
- 52 Behrens KM, Galgon RE. Supraglottic airway versus endotracheal tube during interventional pulmonary procedures – a retrospective study. BMC Anesthesiol 2019; 19: 196
- 53 Schmutz A, Durk T, Idzko M. et al. Feasibility of a Supraglottic Airway Device for Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy-A Retrospective Analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 31: 1343-1347
- 54 Qin H, Li J, Wang J. et al. Comparison of High-Flow Nasal Cannula and Conventional Oxygen Therapy for High Risk Patients During Bronchoscopy Examination: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2025; 22: 1018-1026
- 55 Luo X, Xiang F. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus conventional oxygen therapy in patients undergoing bronchoscopy: a retrospective study. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24: 614
- 56 Spaar J, Biro P, Sander M. et al. Safety and efficacy of high frequency jet ventilation: A systematic and narrative review. J Clin Anesth 2025; 106: 111906
- 57 Biro P. Comparison of transcutaneous and endtidal CO2-monitoring for rigid bronchoscopy during high-frequency jet ventilation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48: 259-260
- 58 Chen W, Chen F, Luo X. et al. Comparison of safety and efficacy of commonly used sedatives in bronchoscopy examination: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Minerva Anestesiol 2025; 91: 430-439
- 59 Pingel L, Maagaard M, Tvarno CD. et al. Remimazolam for procedural sedation: A systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2025; 42: 298-312
- 60 Wu X, Zhang L, Zhou Z. et al. The Efficacy and Safety Profile of Balanced Propofol Sedation for Bronchoscopy. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2024; 20: 849-860
- 61 Pastis NJ, Yarmus LB, Schippers F. et al. Safety and Efficacy of Remimazolam Compared With Placebo and Midazolam for Moderate Sedation During Bronchoscopy. Chest 2019; 155: 137-146
- 62 Clark G, Licker M, Younossian AB. et al. Titrated sedation with propofol or midazolam for flexible bronchoscopy: a randomised trial. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 1277-1283
- 63 Li JJ, Li N, Ma WJ. et al. Safety application of muscle relaxants and the traditional low-frequency ventilation during the flexible or rigid bronchoscopy in patients with central airway obstruction: a retrospective observational study. BMC Anesthesiol 2021; 21: 106
- 64 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin e.V. (DGAI). S2k-Leitlinie: Interdisziplinäre Versorgung von Kindern nach Fremdkörperaspiration und Fremdkörperingestion. AWMF-Registernummer 001/031. Zugriff am 23. Januar 2026 unter: https://register.awmf.org/assets/guidelines/001-031l_S2k_Interdisziplinaere-Versorgung-Kinder-Fremdkoerperaspiration-Fremdkoerperingestion_2024-12.pdf
- 65 Galway U, Zura A, Khanna S. et al. Anesthetic considerations for bronchoscopic procedures: a narrative review based on the Cleveland Clinic experience. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11: 3156-3170
- 66 Stahl DL, Richard KM, Papadimos TJ. Complications of bronchoscopy: A concise synopsis. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2015; 5: 189-195
- 67 Ost DE, Ernst A, Grosu HB. et al. Complications Following Therapeutic Bronchoscopy for Malignant Central Airway Obstruction: Results of the AQuIRE Registry. Chest 2015; 148: 450-471
- 68 Yasufuku K, Nakajima T, Fujiwara T. et al. Utility of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mediastinal masses of unknown etiology. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91: 831-836
- 69 Koegelenberg CF, Bolliger CT, Plekker D. et al. Diagnostic yield and safety of ultrasound-assisted biopsies in superior vena cava syndrome. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 1389-1395
- 70 Breyer C, Gesierich W. [Emergency Bronchoscopy]. Pneumologie 2025; 79: 452-461
- 71 Lachowicz JA, Smallwood NE, Prasad JD. et al. A systematic review of procedural and sampling techniques for cryobiopsy in interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33
- 72 Casal RF, Lazarus DR, Kuhl K. et al. Randomized trial of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration under general anesthesia versus moderate sedation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191: 796-803
- 73 Rinder CS. Fire safety in the operating room. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008; 21: 790-795
- 74 Lee HJ, Labaki W, Yu DH. et al. Airway stent complications: the role of follow-up bronchoscopy as a surveillance method. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9: 4651-4659
- 75 Slebos DJ, Shah PL, Herth FJ. et al. Endobronchial Valves for Endoscopic Lung Volume Reduction: Best Practice Recommendations from Expert Panel on Endoscopic Lung Volume Reduction. Respiration 2017; 93: 138-150
- 76 Stather DR, MacEachern P, Chee A. et al. Trainee impact on procedural complications: an analysis of 967 consecutive flexible bronchoscopy procedures in an interventional pulmonology practice. Respiration 2013; 85: 422-428
- 77 Hallet J, Sutradhar R, Jerath A. et al. Association Between Familiarity of the Surgeon-Anesthesiologist Dyad and Postoperative Patient Outcomes for Complex Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery. JAMA Surg 2023; 158: 465-473
- 78 Patirelis A, Pompeo E, Mariotti S. et al. Impact of multidisciplinary team assessment on surgical outcome of non-small cell lung cancer: a real-life institutional experience. Cardiothorac Surg 2025; 33: 16
- 79 Hübner RH, Hetzel J, Hagmeyer L. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e.V. (DGP). S2k-Leitlinie: Sicherheit der diagnostischen flexiblen Bronchoskopie bei Erwachsenen. AWMF-Register-Nr. 020–034. Zugriff am 23. Januar 2026 unter: https://register.awmf.org/de/leitlinien/detail/020-034
- 80 Abdelmalak BB, Gildea TR, Doyle DJ. et al. A Blueprint for Success: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Clinical Operations Within a Bronchoscopy Suite. Chest 2022; 161: 1112-1121
