Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die Adipositas nimmt weltweit in alarmierendem Ausmaß zu. Vor allem in den Ländern
der westlichen Welt hat sie sich zu einem ernsthaften medizinischen und sozioökonomischen
Problem entwickelt. Diskussion: Die chirurgische Therapie gilt derzeit als einzige Behandlungsoption, mit deren Hilfe
bei der Mehrzahl der morbid Adipösen eine deutliche Reduktion des Körpergewichts erreicht
und erhalten werden kann. Darüber hinaus werden assoziierte Komorbiditäten positiv
beeinflusst. Die Akzeptanz der Chirurgie als effektivste Therapie hat in den letzten
Jahren zu einer deutlichen Zunahme bariatrischer Eingriffe geführt. Damit wächst jedoch
auch die Zahl der Patienten mit operationsassoziierten Früh- bzw. Langzeitkomplikationen,
welche die Durchführung von Revisionsoperationen erfordern. 10–25 % der Patienten
nach bariatrischen Eingriffen benötigen im weiteren Verlauf eine operative Revision.
Hauptindikationen hierfür sind der inadäquate Gewichtsverlust, eingriffsspezifische,
allgemeine chirurgische sowie nicht-chirurgische Komplikationen durch nutritive oder
metabolische Störungen. Es gibt derzeit keine randomisierten Untersuchungen, welche
die Frage – welche Operation bei welchem Patienten und nach welchem primären Eingriff
– eindeutig beantworten können. Häufig werden Entscheidungen von den Erfahrungen und
Vorzügen des behandelnden Chirurgen bzw. von Wünschen des Patienten beeinflusst. Schlussfolgerungen: Bariatrische Revisionsoperationen stellen anspruchsvolle, technisch komplexe Eingriffe
dar, welche mit einer erhöhten Komplikationsrate assoziiert sind und grundsätzlich
in Zentren mit Expertise auf diesem Gebiet, nach Möglichkeit laparoskopisch durchgeführt
werden sollten. Bestimmte akute Komplikationen müssen jedoch von jedem Viszeralchirurgen
erkannt und entsprechend behandelt werden können. Bei Versagen rein restriktiver
Operationen kann die Revision ohne Umwandlung in ein anderes Verfahren nur bei Komplikationen
mit adäquatem Gewichtsverlust und entsprechender Patientenzufriedenheit empfohlen
werden. In den übrigen Fällen sollte eine Konversion zu einem kombinierten Verfahren
erfolgen. Bei Versagen kombinierter Operationen können durch Verbesserung der restriktiven
oder malabsorptiven Komponente in der Regel ein weiterer Gewichtsverlust erreicht
oder Komplikationen erfolgreich therapiert werden. Bei Erhöhung der Malabsorption
steigt jedoch auch das Risiko metabolischer und nutritiver Störungen.
Abstract
Background: Obesity is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. Particularly in Western countries,
obesity and related problems have become a serious medical problem and an enormous
socioeconomic burden. Discussion: Currently, surgery is the only available treatment for patients with severe obesity
which leads to sustained weight loss and cure of co-morbidities in the majority of
the patients. The increase in the number of bariatric operations and the occasional
failure and complications of these surgical procedures have resulted in an increased
need for revision surgery. Overall, 10–25 % of patients are expected to need a revision
for failure of the primary bariatric procedure. The main indications for revision
procedures are inadequate weight loss, surgery-related complications as well as surgical
emergencies and long-term complications caused by malnutrition or vitamin deficiencies.
Unfortunately, there are currently no randomised trials to answer the question as
to which operation should be performed in which patient and after which procedure.
Decisions are often influenced by the expertise and preference of the operating surgeon
as well as by patient’s preference. Thus, a systematic review of published data to
this complex issue appears to be helpful and important for daily surgical practise. Conclusions: Revision bariatric procedures are technically more complex and associated with increased
postoperative complications. These operations should basically be performed in centres
with profound expertise in this field of surgery, and – whenever possible – laparoscopically.
However, every abdominal surgeon should be able to diagnose and treat some acute complications.
After failed restrictive procedures, revision is recommended only in cases of complications
but with adequate weight loss at the time of failure. Otherwise, conversion to combined
procedures should be considered. After the failure of combined procedures, further
weight loss or successful treatment of complications can be achieved by adding more
restriction and / or malabsorption components. The latter is associated with an increased
risk of nutritional sequelae.
Schlüsselwörter
Revision - bariatrische Chirurgie - Komplikationen - Übersicht
Key words
revision - bariatric surgery - complications - review
Literatur
1
Anthone G J, Lord R V, DeMeester T R et al.
The duodenal switch operation for the treatment of morbid obesity.
Ann Surg.
2003;
238
618-627
2
Balsiger B M, Poggio J L, Mai J et al.
Ten and more years after vertical banded gastroplasty as primary operation for morbid
obesity.
J Gastrointest Surg.
2000;
4
598-605
3
Baltasar A, Bou R, Bengochea M et al.
Duodenal switch: an effective therapy for morbid obesity – intermediate results.
Obes Surg.
2001;
11
54-58
4
Baltasar A, Serra C, Pérez N et al.
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a multi-purpose bariatric operation.
Obes Surg.
2005;
15
1124-1128
5
Baltasar A, Serra C, Pérez N et al.
Re-sleeve gastrectomy.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
1535-1538
6
Bernante P, Foletto M, Busetto L et al.
Feasibility of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as a revision procedure for prior laparoscopic
gastric banding.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
1327-1330
7
Bessler M, Daud A, DiGiorgi M F et al.
Adjustable gastric banding as a revisional bariatric procedure after failed gastric
bypass.
Obes Surg.
2005;
15
1443-1448
8
Boschi S, Fogli L, Berta R D et al.
Avoiding complications after laparoscopic esophago-gastric banding: experience with
400 consecutive patients.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
1166-1170
9
Brolin R E, Cody R P.
Adding malabsorption for weight loss failure after gastric bypass.
Surg Endosc.
2007;
21
1924-1926
10
Buchwald H, Williams S E.
Bariatric surgery worldwide 2003.
Obes Surg.
2004;
14
1157-1164
11
Camerini G, Adami G, Marinari G M et al.
Thirteen years of follow-up in patients with adjustable silicone gastric banding for
obesity: weight loss and constant rate of late specific complications.
Obes Surg.
2004;
14
1343-1348
12
Dolan K, Fielding G.
Bilio pancreatic diversion following failure of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding.
Surg Endosc.
2004;
18
60-63
13
Dolan K, Hatzifotis M, Newbury L et al.
A clinical and nutritional comparison of biliopancreatic diversion with and without
duodenal switch.
Ann Surg.
2004;
240
51-56
14
Gagner M, Gentileschi P, de Csepel J et al.
Laparoscopic reoperative bariatric surgery: experience from 27 consecutive patients.
Obes Surg.
2002;
12
254-260
15
Gagner M, Rogula T.
Laparoscopic reoperative sleeve gastrectomy for poor weight loss after biliopancreatic
diversion with duodenal switch.
Obes Surg.
2003;
13
649-654
16
Gavert N, Szold A, Abu-Abeid S.
Laparoscopic revisional surgery for life-threatening stenosis following vertical banded
gastroplasty, together with placement of an adjustable gastric band.
Obes Surg.
2003;
13
399-403
17
Gavert N, Szold A, Abu-Abeid S.
Safety and feasibility of revisional laparoscopic surgery for morbid obesity: conversion
of open silastic vertical banded gastroplasty to laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding.
Surg Endosc.
2004;
18
203-206
18
Genco A, Bruni T, Doldi S B et al.
BioEnterics intragastric balloon: The Italian experience with 2515 patients.
Obes Surg.
2005;
15
1161-1164
19
Gonzalez R, Gallagher S F, Haines K et al.
Operative technique for converting a failed vertical banded gastroplasty to Roux-en-Y
gastric bypass.
J Am Coll Surg.
2005;
201
366-374
20
Gumbs A A, Pomp A, Gagner M.
Revisional bariatric surgery for inadequate weight loss.
Obes Surg.
2007;
17
1137-1145
21
Higa K D, Boone K, Nimeri A et al.
Gastric bypass: increased restriction for poor weight loss.
Surg Endosc.
2007;
21
1922-1923
22
Himpens J, Dapri G, Cadière G B.
A prospective randomized study between laparoscopic gastric banding and laparoscopic
isolated sleeve gastrectomy: results after 1 and 3 years.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
1450-1456
23
Ikramuddin S, Kellogg T A, Leslie D B.
Laparoscopic conversion of vertical banded gastroplasty to a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Surg Endosc.
2007;
21
1927-1930
24
Imaz I, Martínez-Cervell C, García-Alvarez E E et al.
Safety and effectiveness of the intragastric balloon for obesity. A meta-analysis.
Obes Surg.
2008;
18
841-846
25
Johnson W H, Fernanadez A Z, Farrell T M et al.
Surgical revision of loop (“mini”) gastric bypass procedure: multicenter review of
complications and conversions to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Surg Obes Relat Dis.
2007;
3
37-41
26
Keshishian A, Zahriya K, Hartoonian T et al.
Duodenal switch is a safe operation for patients who have failed other bariatric operations.
Obes Surg.
2004;
14
1187-1192
27
Khaitan L, Van Sickle K, Gonzalez R et al.
Laparoscopic revision of bariatric procedures: is it feasible?.
Am Surg.
2005;
71
6-10
28
Lanthaler M, Mittermair R, Erne B et al.
Laparoscopic gastric re-banding versus laparoscopic gastric bypass as a rescue operation
for patients with pouch dilatation.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
484-487
29
Lattuada E, Zappa M A, Mozzi E et al.
Band erosion following gastric banding: how to treat it.
Obes Surg.
2007;
17
329-333
30
Lee W J, Yu P J, Wang W et al.
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y versus mini-gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity:
a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.
Ann Surg.
2005;
242
20-28
31
Lyass S, Cunneen S A, Hagiike M et al.
Device-related reoperations after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding.
Am Surg.
2005;
71
738-743
32
Marceau P, Hould F S, Simard S et al.
Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch.
World J Surg.
1998;
22
947-954
33
Melissas J, Koukouraki S, Askoxylakis J et al.
Sleeve gastrectomy: a restrictive procedure?.
Obes Surg.
2007;
17
57-62
34
Menon T, Quaddus S, Cohen L.
Revision of failed vertical banded gastroplasty to non-resectional Scopinaro biliopancreatic
diversion: early experience.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
1420-1424
35
Müller M K, Wildi S, Scholz T et al.
Laparoscopic pouch resizing and redo of gastro-jejunal anastomosis for pouch dilatation
following gastric bypass.
Obes Surg.
2005;
15
1089-1095
36
Nguyen N T, Hinojosa M W, Gray J et al.
Reoperation for marginal ulceration.
Surg Endosc.
2007;
21
1919-1921
37
Noun R, Zeidan S, Riachi E et al.
Mini-gastric bypass for revision of failed primary restrictive procedures: a valuable
option.
Obes Surg.
2007;
17
684-688
38
Ortega J, Sala C, Flor B et al.
Vertical banded gastroplasty converted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: little impact
on nutritional status after 5-year follow-up.
Obes Surg.
2004;
14
638-643
39
Peterli R, Wölnerhanssen B K, Peters T et al.
Prospective study of a two-stage operative concept in the treatment of morbid obesity:
primary lap-band followed if needed by sleeve gastrectomy with duodenal switch.
Obes Surg.
2007;
17
334-340
40
Rogula T, Yenumula P R, Schauer P R.
A complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: intestinal obstruction.
Surg Endosc.
2007;
21
1914-1918
41
Roller J E, Provost D A.
Revision of failed gastric restrictive operations to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: impact
of multiple prior bariatric operations on outcome.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
865-869
42
Rutledge R.
The mini-gastric bypass: experience with the first 1274 cases.
Obes Surg.
2001;
11
276-280
43
Rutledge R.
Revision of failed gastric banding to mini-gastric bypass.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
521-523
44
Sapala J A, Wood M H, Sapala M A et al.
Marginal ulcer after gastric bypass: a prospective 3-year study of 173 patients.
Obes Surg.
1998;
8
505-516
45
Sapala J A, Wood M H, Sapala M A et al.
The micropouch gastric bypass: technical considerations in primary and revisionary
operations.
Obes Surg.
2001;
11
3-17
46
Sarr M G.
Reoperative bariatric surgery.
Surg Endosc.
2007;
21
1909-1913
47
Schouten R, van Dielen F M, Greve J W.
Re-operation after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding leads to a further decrease
in BMI and obesity-related co-morbidities: results in 33 patients.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
821-828
48
Schouten R, van Dielen F M, van Gemert W G et al.
Conversion of vertical banded gastroplasty to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass results in
restoration of the positive effect on weight loss and co-morbidities: evaluation of
101 patients.
Obes Surg.
2007;
17
622-630
49
Scopinaro N, Gianetta E, Adami G F et al.
Biliopancreatic diversion for obesity at eighteen years.
Surgery.
1996;
119
261-268
50
Sjöström L, Narbro K, Sjöström C D Swedish Obese Subjects Study et al.,.
Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects.
N Engl J Med.
2007;
357
741-752
51
Slater G H, Fielding G A.
Combining laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and biliopancreatic diversion after
failed bariatric surgery.
Obes Surg.
2004;
14
677-682
52
Stroh C, Hohmann U, Schramm H et al.
Long-term results after gastric banding.
Zentralbl Chir.
2005;
130
410-418
53
Stroh C, Birk D, Flade-Kuthe R et al.
Quality assurance in bariatric surgery in Germany – results of the German multicentre
trial 2005–2006.
Zentralbl Chir.
2008;
133
1-6
54
Sturm K, Parker B, Wishart J et al.
Energy intake and appetite are related to antral area in healthy young and older subjects.
Am J Clin Nutr.
2004;
80
656-667
55
Sugerman H J, Kellum J M, DeMaria E J.
Conversion of proximal to distal gastric bypass for failed gastric bypass for superobesity.
J Gastrointest Surg.
1997;
1
517-524
56
Suter M, Calmes J M, Paroz A et al.
A 10-year experience with laparoscopic gastric banding for morbid obesity: high long-term
complication and failure rates.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
829-835
57
Taskin M, Zengin K, Unal E et al.
Conversion of failed vertical banded gastroplasty to open adjustable gastric banding.
Obes Surg.
2001;
11
731-734
58
van Gemert W G, van Wersch M M, Greve J W et al.
Revisional surgery after failed vertical banded gastroplasty: restoration of vertical
banded gastroplasty or conversion to gastric bypass.
Obes Surg.
1998;
8
21-28
59
van Wageningen B, Berends F J, van Ramshorst B et al.
Revision of failed laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Obes Surg.
2006;
16
137-141
60
Wang W, Huang M T, Wei P L et al.
Laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass for failed vertical banded gastroplasty.
Obes Surg.
2004;
14
777-782
61
Weber M, Müller M K, Michel J M et al.
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, but not rebanding, should be proposed as rescue
procedure for patients with failed laparoscopic gastric banding.
Ann Surg.
2003;
238
827-833
62
Weiner R, Blanco-Engert R, Weiner S et al.
Outcome after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding – 8 years experience.
Obes Surg.
2003;
13
427-434
63
Weiner R A, Weiner S.
Chirurgie der extremen Adipositas und metabolischer Störungen.
Allgemeine und Viszeralchirurgie up2date.
2008;
2
115-130
64
Weiner R A, Weiner S, Pomhoff I et al.
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy – influence of sleeve size and resected gastric volume.
Obes Surg.
2007;
17
1297-1305
Dr. med. F. Benedix
Klinik für Chirurgie · Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg
Leipziger Straße 44
39120 Magdeburg
Deutschland
Phone: 03 91 / 6 71 55 00
Fax: 03 91 / 6 71 55 70
Email: frankbenedix@gmx.de