Zusammenfassung
Die erfolgreiche Therapie von Ellenbogeninstabilitäten wird durch biomechanisches
Grundverständnis erleichtert. Klinische Instabilitäten lassen sich auf strukturelle
Verletzungen zurückführen, die mit der Therapie gezielt adressiert werden müssen.
Akute Instabilitäten des Ellenbogengelenks nach den häufigen posterolateralen Luxationen
betreffen vermehrt den radialen Bandapparat. Neben reinen Bandverletzungen kann eine
Ellenbogeninstabilität auch durch Verlust der knöchernen Führung im Rahmen einer Fraktur
oder einer Kombination aus Fraktur und gleichzeitiger Verletzung des Bandapparats
entstehen. So korrelieren Trümmerfrakturen des Radiuskopfs häufig mit einer Ruptur
des ulnaren Kollateralbands. Knöcherne Begleitverletzungen liegen bei bis zu 50 %
aller Ellenbogenluxationen vor. Einfache Luxationen heilen unter konservativer Therapie
i. d. R. mit einem guten klinischen Ergebnis aus. In wenigen Fällen kann eine chronische
Instabilität resultieren. Aber auch rezidivierende Mikrotraumata, z. B. bei Wurfsportarten,
führen zu Veränderungen im Gelenkspiel mit hieraus resultierenden chronischen Beschwerden
am Ellenbogengelenk. Die chronische posterolaterale Instabilität wurde in jüngster
Zeit als die Hauptpathologie bei einem instabilen Ellenbogen angesehen. Chronisch
mediale Instabilitäten sind ein Problem für den aktiven Athleten und können bis zur
Sportunfähigkeit führen. Primär sollte eine konservative Therapie durchgeführt werden.
Beim Versagen der konservativen Therapie, Wunsch des Sportlers oder im Falle einer
hochgradigen medialen Instabilität kann ein operatives Vorgehen indiziert sein. In
diesem Fall ist eine Rehabilitationsphase von bis zu einem Jahr zu erwarten.
Abstract
Successful treatment of elbow instability is aided by fundamental biomechanical understanding.
This allows for clinical instability to be traced back to structural injuries, which
can be addressed with targeted therapy. Acute instability of the elbow joint after
frequent posterolateral dislocations tends to affect the radial ligamentous complex.
In addition to simple ligamentous injuries, fractures can also contribute to elbow
instability; comminuted fractures of the radial head often correlate with a rupture
of the ulnar collateral ligament. Improperly healed acute injuries can result in chronic
instability. However, recurrent microtrauma such as that seen in throwing athletes
can also lead to changes in joint laxity. Conservative therapy of simple elbow dislocation
usually leads to satisfactory results. In isolated cases, chronic lateral instability
may result that requires operative stabilization. Recently, chronic posterolateral
instability has been seen as the primary underlying pathology in unstable elbows.
Chronic medial instability is also a problem for active athletes and may even lead
to inability to participate in athletics. Conservative therapy should be the primary
course of treatment. Surgical treatment may be indicated if conservative measures
fail, if an athlete desires additional treatment, or in cases of high-grade medial
instability. In this case, a rehabilitation period of up to one year should be expected.
Key words
Instabilität - akut - chronisch - Ellenbogenluxation - knöcherne Begleitverletzungen
Key words
instability - acute - chronic - elbow luxation - associated fractures
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Dr. B. Marquaß
Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AÖR, Klinik für Unfall-, Wiederherstellungs- und Plastische
Chirurgie
Liebigstraße 20
04103 Leipzig
Email: Bastian.Marquass@medizin.uni-leipzig.de