Zusammenfassung
Obwohl die molekulare sowie biochemische Erforschung von dementiellen Erkrankungen
wegweisende Erkenntnisse erbracht hat, zeigen klinische Studien bei der medikamentösen
Behandlung eher enttäuschende Ergebnisse. Neue pharmakologische und immunologische
Therapien scheinen diese Situation nicht dramatisch verändern zu können. Deshalb besteht
die dringende Notwendigkeit, Präventions- und Interventionsstrategien zu entwickeln,
die eine Stabilisierung und Reorganisation kognitiver Funktionen erlauben, um die
kognitiven Abbauprozesse im Verlauf vom gesunden Altern zu leichten kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen
(englisch: mild cognitive impairment; MCI) oder Demenz zu reduzieren und die Selbstständigkeit
der älteren Bevölkerung sowie der Patienten für längere Zeit aufrecht zu erhalten.
Aus diesem Grund besteht ein großes Interesse daran, mögliche (Risiko)Faktoren zu
identifizieren, die den altersbedingten kognitiven Abbau sowie Demenzerkrankungen
durch eine optimale gesundheitsbewusste Lebensweise hinauszögern oder einschränken.
Dieser Übersichtsartikel stellt die in der aktuellen Literatur diskutierten modifizierbaren
Risikofaktoren zusammen. Die Identifizierung einer optimalen Kombination multidimensionaler
Lebensstilfaktoren hat eine immense Bedeutung für eine aktive lebenspannenübergreifende
Prävention von Demenzerkrankungen.
Abstract
In spite of the progress that has been made on the molecular and biochemical basis
of degenerative dementias, the results of clinical studies on pharmacological treatment
are by and large disappointing. New pharmacological and immunological treatments,
some of which are currently under clinical investigations, are not expected to dramatically
change this situation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop strategies for
prevention and intervention that allow for the stabilisation and reorganisation of
cognitive functions in order to slow down cognitive decline from healthy aging into
mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia and to preserve independence and autonomy
of our aging generation and patients for a longer time. Therefore much research is
focused on the identification of modifiable lifestyle and health variables that are
associated with the preservation of cognitive function in aging. This article reflects
the current literature concerning the influence of health-related lifestyle variables
on age-related cognitive impairment and/or the incidence of dementia. The identification
of an optimal combination of multidimensional lifestyle factors is a very important
aim to prevent or slow down the incidence of dementia.
Schlüsselwörter
Demenz - Risikofaktoren - Lebensstil - Prävention - Alzheimer
Key words
dementia - risk factors - lifestyle - prevention - Alzheimer's disease
Literatur
- 1
Kral VA.
Senescent forgetfulness: benign and malignant.
Can Med Assoc J.
1962;
86
257-260
- 2
Crook T, Bartus RT, Ferris SH.
Age associated memory impairment: proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical
change: report of a National Institute of Mental Health Work Group.
Dev Neuropsychol Rev.
1986;
2
261-276
- 3
Rowe JW, Kahn RL.
Human aging: usual and successful.
Science.
1987;
237
143-149
- 4
Brayne C.
The elephant in the room - healthy brains in later life, epidemiology and public health.
Nat Rev Neurosci.
2007;
8
233-239
- 5
Vaillant GE, Mukamal K.
Successful aging.
Am J Psychiatry.
2001;
158
839-847
- 6
Craik FI, Byrd M, Swanson JM.
Patterns of memory loss in three elderly samples.
Psychol Aging.
1987;
2
79-86
- 7
Hedden T, Gabrieli JD.
Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience.
Nat Rev Neurosci.
2004;
5
87-96
- 8
Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC. et al .
Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome.
Arch Neurol.
1999;
56
303-308
- 9
Metzler-Baddeley C.
A review of cognitive impairments in dementia with Lewy bodies relative to Alzheimer's
disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia.
Cortex.
2007;
43
583-600
- 10
Fillit HM, Butler RN, O’Connell AW. et al .
Achieving and maintaining cognitive vitality with aging.
Mayo Clin Proc.
2002;
77
681-696
- 11
Salthouse TA.
When does age-related cognitive decline begin?.
Neurobiol Aging.
2009;
30
507-514
- 12
von Faber M, Bootsma-van der Wiel A, van Exel E. et al .
Successful aging in the oldest old: Who can be characterized as successfully aged?.
Arch Intern Med.
2001;
161
2694-2700
- 13
Phelan EA, Anderson LA, LaCroix AZ. et al .
Older adults’ views of “successful aging” – how do they compare with researchers’
definitions?.
J Am Geriatr Soc.
2004;
52
211-216
- 14
Liang J, Shaw BA, Krause NM. et al .
Changes in functional status among older adults in Japan: successful and usual aging.
Psychol Aging.
2003;
18
684-695
- 15
Habib R, Nyberg L, Nilsson LG.
Cognitive and non-cognitive factors contributing to the longitudinal identification
of successful older adults in the betula study.
Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn.
2007;
14
257-273
- 16
Petersen RC, Morris JC.
Mild cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target.
Arch Neurol.
2005;
62
1160-1163
discussion 1167
- 17
Qiu C, Kivipelto M, von Strauss E.
Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward
intervention.
Dialogues Clin Neurosci.
2009;
11
111-128
- 18
Duzel E, Bunzeck N, Guitart Masip M. et al .
NOvelty-related Motivation of Anticipation and exploration by Dopamine (NOMAD): Implications
for healthy aging.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev.
2009;
- 19
Vaynman S, Gomez-Pinilla F.
Revenge of the “sit”: how lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health through
molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity.
J Neurosci Res.
2006;
84
699-715
- 20
Rowe JW, Kahn RL.
Successful aging.
Aging (Milano).
1998;
10
142-144
- 21 Baltes PBBM. Psychological perspectives on successful aging: the model of selective
optimization with compensation. In: Baltes PB BM, ed. Successful Aging: Perspectives
From the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1993: 1-27
- 22
Abbott RD, White LR, Ross GW. et al .
Walking and dementia in physically capable elderly men.
Jama.
2004;
292
1447-1453
- 23
Brubacher D, Monsch AU, Stahelin HB.
Weight change and cognitive performance.
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
2004;
28
1163-1167
- 24
Kramer AF, Erickson KI, Colcombe SJ.
Exercise, cognition, and the aging brain.
J Appl Physiol.
2006;
101
1237-1242
- 25
Murrell SA, Salsman NL, Meeks S.
Educational attainment, positive psychological mediators, and resources for health
and vitality in older adults.
J Aging Health.
2003;
15
591-615
- 26
Hulse GK, Lautenschlager NT, Tait RJ. et al .
Dementia associated with alcohol and other drug use.
Int Psychogeriatr.
2005;
17
(S 01)
S109-S127
- 27
Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE. et al .
Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle.
N Engl J Med.
2000;
343
16-22
- 28
Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ. et al .
Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women.
N Engl J Med.
2001;
345
790-797
- 29
Kurth T, Moore SC, Gaziano JM. et al .
Healthy lifestyle and the risk of stroke in women.
Arch Intern Med.
2006;
166
1403-1409
- 30
Floel A, Witte AV, Lohmann H. et al .
Lifestyle and memory in the elderly.
Neuroepidemiology.
2008;
31
39-47
- 31
Kivipelto M, Rovio S, Ngandu T. et al .
Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 magnifies lifestyle risks for dementia: a population-based
study.
J Cell Mol Med.
2008;
12
2762-2771
- 32
Almeida OP, Norman P, Hankey G. et al .
Successful mental health aging: results from a longitudinal study of older Australian
men.
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry.
2006;
14
27-35
- 33
Sachs-Ericsson N, Blazer DG.
Racial differences in cognitive decline in a sample of community-dwelling older adults:
the mediating role of education and literacy.
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry.
2005;
13
968-975
- 34
Valenzuela MJ.
Brain reserve and the prevention of dementia.
Curr Opin Psychiatry.
2008;
21
296-302
- 35
Gordon BA, Rykhlevskaia EI, Brumback CR. et al .
Neuroanatomical correlates of aging, cardiopulmonary fitness level, and education.
Psychophysiology.
2008;
45
825-838
- 36
Springer MV, McIntosh AR, Winocur G. et al .
The relation between brain activity during memory tasks and years of education in
young and older adults.
Neuropsychology.
2005;
19
181-192
- 37
Compton DM, Bachman LD, Brand D. et al .
Age-associated changes in cognitive function in highly educated adults: emerging myths
and realities.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry.
2000;
15
75-85
- 38
Christensen H, Batterham PJ, Mackinnon AJ. et al .
Education, atrophy, and cognitive change in an epidemiological sample in early old
age.
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry.
2009;
17
218-226
- 39
Jorm AF, Rodgers B, Henderson AS. et al .
Occupation type as a predictor of cognitive decline and dementia in old age.
Age Ageing.
1998;
27
477-483
- 40
Wang HX, Karp A, Herlitz A. et al .
Personality and lifestyle in relation to dementia incidence.
Neurology.
2009;
72
253-259
- 41
Lakka TA, Bouchard C.
Genetics, physical activity, fitness and health: what does the future hold?.
J R Soc Promot Health.
2004;
124
14-15
- 42
Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA.
Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation.
Trends Neurosci.
2007;
30
464-472
- 43
Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF.
Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition.
Nat Rev Neurosci.
2008;
9
58-65
- 44
Dustman RE, Ruhling RO, Russell EM. et al .
Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals.
Neurobiol Aging.
1984;
5
35-42
- 45
Rikli RE, Edwards DJ.
Effects of a three-year exercise program on motor function and cognitive processing
speed in older women.
Res Q Exerc Sport.
1991;
62
61-67
- 46
Hawkins HL, Kramer AF, Capaldi D.
Aging, exercise, and attention.
Psychol Aging.
1992;
7
643-653
- 47
Kramer AF, Hahn S, Cohen NJ. et al .
Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function.
Nature.
1999;
400
418-419
- 48
Madden DJ, Blumenthal JA, Allen PA. et al .
Improving aerobic capacity in healthy older adults does not necessarily lead to improved
cognitive performance.
Psychol Aging.
1989;
4
307-320
- 49
Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ. et al .
Long-term effects of exercise on psychological functioning in older men and women.
J Gerontol.
1991;
46
P352-P361
- 50
Hill RD, Storandt M, Malley M.
The impact of long-term exercise training on psychological function in older adults.
J Gerontol.
1993;
48
P12-P17
- 51
Dik M, Deeg DJ, Visser M. et al .
Early life physical activity and cognition at old age.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol.
2003;
25
643-653
- 52
Rovio S, Kareholt I, Helkala EL. et al .
Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's
disease.
Lancet Neurol.
2005;
4
705-711
- 53
Andel R, Crowe M, Pedersen NL. et al .
Physical exercise at midlife and risk of dementia three decades later: a population-based
study of Swedish twins.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.
2008;
63
62-66
- 54
Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J. et al .
Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons.
Arch Neurol.
2001;
58
498-504
- 55
Lytle ME, Vander Bilt J, Pandav RS. et al .
Exercise level and cognitive decline: the MoVIES project.
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.
2004;
18
57-64
- 56
Karp A, Paillard-Borg S, Wang HX. et al .
Mental, physical and social components in leisure activities equally contribute to
decrease dementia risk.
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord.
2006;
21
65-73
- 57
Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD. et al .
Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years
of age and older.
Ann Intern Med.
2006;
144
73-81
- 58
Podewils LJ, Guallar E, Kuller LH. et al .
Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the Cardiovascular
Health Cognition Study.
Am J Epidemiol.
2005;
161
639-651
- 59
Ravaglia G, Forti P, Lucicesare A. et al .
Physical activity and dementia risk in the elderly: findings from a prospective Italian
study.
Neurology.
2008;
70
1786-1794
- 60
Wang JY, Zhou DH, Li J. et al .
Leisure activity and risk of cognitive impairment: the Chongqing aging study.
Neurology.
2006;
66
911-913
- 61
Broe GA, Creasey H, Jorm AF. et al .
Health habits and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in old age: a prospective
study on the effects of exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption.
Aust N Z J Public Health.
1998;
22
621-623
- 62
Wilson RS, Bennett DA, Bienias JL. et al .
Cognitive activity and incident AD in a population-based sample of older persons.
Neurology.
2002;
59
1910-1914
- 63
Yaffe K, Barnes D, Nevitt M. et al .
A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women
who walk.
Arch Intern Med.
2001;
161
1703-1708
- 64
van Praag H.
Exercise and the brain: something to chew on.
Trends Neurosci.
2009;
32
283-290
- 65
Shimamura AP, Berry JM, Mangels JA. et al .
Memory and cognitive abilities in university professors: Evidence for Successful Aging.
Psychological Science.
1995;
271-277
- 66
Milgram NW, Siwak-Tapp CT, Araujo J. et al .
Neuroprotective effects of cognitive enrichment.
Ageing Res Rev.
2006;
5
354-369
- 67
Fritsch T, Smyth KA, Debanne SM. et al .
Participation in novelty-seeking leisure activities and Alzheimer's disease.
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol.
2005;
18
134-141
- 68
Brown J, Cooper-Kuhn CM, Kempermann G. et al .
Enriched environment and physical activity stimulate hippocampal but not olfactory
bulb neurogenesis.
Eur J Neurosci.
2003;
17
2042-2046
- 69
Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Gage FH.
More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment.
Nature.
1997;
386
493-495
- 70
Briones TL, Klintsova AY, Greenough WT.
Stability of synaptic plasticity in the adult rat visual cortex induced by complex
environment exposure.
Brain Res.
2004;
1018
130-135
- 71
Cracchiolo JR, Mori T, Nazian SJ. et al .
Enhanced cognitive activity – over and above social or physical activity – is required
to protect Alzheimer's mice against cognitive impairment, reduce Abeta deposition,
and increase synaptic immunoreactivity.
Neurobiol Learn Mem.
2007;
88
277-294
- 72
Costa DA, Cracchiolo JR, Bachstetter AD. et al .
Enrichment improves cognition in AD mice by amyloid-related and unrelated mechanisms.
Neurobiol Aging.
2007;
28
831-844
- 73
Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Tang Y. et al .
The effect of social networks on the relation between Alzheimer's disease pathology
and level of cognitive function in old people: a longitudinal cohort study.
Lancet Neurol.
2006;
5
406-412
- 74
Holtzman RE, Rebok GW, Saczynski JS. et al .
Social network characteristics and cognition in middle-aged and older adults.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci.
2004;
59
P278-P284
- 75
Fratiglioni L, Wang HX, Ericsson K. et al .
Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: a community-based longitudinal
study.
Lancet.
2000;
355
1315-1319
- 76
Barnes LL, Mendes de Leon CF, Wilson RS. et al .
Social resources and cognitive decline in a population of older African Americans
and whites.
Neurology.
2004;
63
2322-2326
- 77
Wang HX, Karp A, Winblad B. et al .
Late-life engagement in social and leisure activities is associated with a decreased
risk of dementia: a longitudinal study from the Kungsholmen project.
Am J Epidemiol.
2002;
155
1081-1087
- 78
Lovden M, Ghisletta P, Lindenberger U.
Social participation attenuates decline in perceptual speed in old and very old age.
Psychol Aging.
2005;
20
423-434
- 79
Gais S, Born J.
Declarative memory consolidation: mechanisms acting during human sleep.
Learn Mem.
2004;
11
679-685
- 80
Graves LA, Heller EA, Pack AI. et al .
Sleep deprivation selectively impairs memory consolidation for contextual fear conditioning.
Learn Mem.
2003;
10
168-176
- 81
McDermott CM, LaHoste GJ, Chen C. et al .
Sleep deprivation causes behavioral, synaptic, and membrane excitability alterations
in hippocampal neurons.
J Neurosci.
2003;
23
9687-9695
- 82
Kang JE, Lim MM, Bateman RJ. et al .
Amyloid-{beta} Dynamics Are Regulated by Orexin and the Sleep-Wake Cycle.
Science.
2009;
- 83
Schaie KW, Willis SL, Pennak S.
An Historical Framework for Cohort Differences in Intelligence.
Res Hum Dev.
2005;
2
43-67
- 84
Scarmeas N, Stern Y.
Cognitive reserve and lifestyle.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol.
2003;
25
625-633
- 85 Baltes PB, Baltes MM. Selective optimization with compensation. In: Baltes PB,
Baltes MM, Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences. New York:
Cambridge University Press; 1990
- 86
Lachman ME, Andreoletti C.
Strategy use mediates the relationship between control beliefs and memory performance
for middle-aged and older adults.
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci.
2006;
61
P88-P94
- 87
Cacioppo JT, Petty RE, Feinstein JA. et al .
Dispositional differences in cognitive motivation: The life and times of individuals
varying in the need for cognition.
Psychological Bulletin.
1996;
119
197-253
- 88
Peters R, Peters J, Warner J. et al .
Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review.
Age Ageing.
2008;
37
505-512
- 89
Middleton LE, Yaffe K.
Promising strategies for the prevention of dementia.
Arch Neurol.
2009;
66
1210-1215
- 90
Luchsinger JA.
Adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: an epidemiological
perspective.
Eur J Pharmacol.
2008;
585
119-129
- 91
Fillit H, Nash DT, Rundek T. et al .
Cardiovascular risk factors and dementia.
Am J Geriatr Pharmacother.
2008;
6
100-118
- 92
Yaffe K.
Metabolic syndrome and cognitive disorders: is the sum greater than its parts?.
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.
2007;
21
167-171
- 93
Qiu C, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L.
The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia.
Lancet Neurol.
2005;
4
487-499
- 94
Fitzpatrick AL, Kuller LH, Lopez OL. et al .
Midlife and late-life obesity and the risk of dementia: cardiovascular health study.
Arch Neurol.
2009;
66
336-342
- 95
Hughes TF, Ganguli M.
Modifiable Midlife Risk Factors for Late-Life Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.
Curr Psychiatry Rev.
2009;
5
73-92
- 96
Whitmer RA, Gustafson DR, Barrett-Connor E. et al .
Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later.
Neurology.
2008;
71
1057-1064
- 97
Atti AR, Palmer K, Volpato S. et al .
Late-life body mass index and dementia incidence: nine-year follow-up data from the
Kungsholmen Project.
J Am Geriatr Soc.
2008;
56
111-116
- 98
Dahl AK, Lopponen M, Isoaho R. et al .
Overweight and obesity in old age are not associated with greater dementia risk.
J Am Geriatr Soc.
2008;
56
2261-2266
- 99
Dahl A, Hassing LB, Fransson E. et al .
Being overweight in midlife is associated with lower cognitive ability and steeper
cognitive decline in late life.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.
2010;
65
57-62
- 100
Chen X, Gawryluk JW, Wagener JF. et al .
Caffeine blocks disruption of blood brain barrier in a rabbit model of Alzheimer's
disease.
J Neuroinflammation.
2008;
5
12
- 101
Xu G, Liu X, Yin Q. et al .
Alcohol consumption and transition of mild cognitive impairment to dementia.
Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.
2009;
63
43-49
- 102
Qiu C, De Ronchi D, Fratiglioni L.
The epidemiology of the dementias: an update.
Curr Opin Psychiatry.
2007;
20
380-385
- 103
Solfrizzi V, Capurso C, D’Introno A. et al .
Lifestyle-related factors in predementia and dementia syndromes.
Expert Rev Neurother.
2008;
8
133-158
- 104
Panza F, Capurso C, D’Introno A. et al .
Vascular risk factors, alcohol intake, and cognitive decline.
J Nutr Health Aging.
2008;
12
376-381
- 105
Kalev-Zylinska ML, During MJ.
Paradoxical facilitatory effect of low-dose alcohol consumption on memory mediated
by NMDA receptors.
J Neurosci.
2007;
27
10456-10467
- 106
Wang J, Ho L, Zhao Z. et al .
Moderate consumption of Cabernet Sauvignon attenuates Abeta neuropathology in a mouse
model of Alzheimer's disease.
Faseb J.
2006;
20
2313-2320
- 107
Panza F, Capurso C, D’Introno A. et al .
Alcohol drinking, cognitive functions in older age, predementia, and dementia syndromes.
J Alzheimers Dis.
2009;
17
7-31
- 108
Anstey KJ, von Sanden C, Salim A. et al .
Smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective
studies.
Am J Epidemiol.
2007;
166
367-378
- 109
Swan GE, Lessov-Schlaggar CN.
The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain.
Neuropsychol Rev.
2007;
17
259-273
- 110
Purnell C, Gao S, Callahan CM. et al .
Cardiovascular risk factors and incident Alzheimer disease: a systematic review of
the literature.
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.
2009;
23
1-10
- 111
Harwood DG, Kalechstein A, Barker WW. et al .
The effect of alcohol and tobacco consumption, and apolipoprotein E genotype, on the
age of onset in Alzheimer's disease.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry.
2009;
- 112
Almeida OP, Garrido GJ, Lautenschlager NT. et al .
Smoking is associated with reduced cortical regional gray matter density in brain
regions associated with incipient Alzheimer disease.
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry.
2008;
16
92-98
- 113
Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Mayeux R. et al .
Mediterranean diet, Alzheimer disease, and vascular mediation.
Arch Neurol.
2006;
63
1709-1717
- 114
Solfrizzi V, Capurso C, D’Introno A. et al .
Whole-diet approach and risk of chronic disease: Limits and advantages.
J Am Geriatr Soc.
2006;
54
1800-1802
- 115
Gillette Guyonnet S, Abellan Van Kan G, Andrieu S. et al .
IANA task force on nutrition and cognitive decline with aging.
J Nutr Health Aging.
2007;
11
132-152
- 116
Eskelinen MH, Ngandu T, Tuomilehto J. et al .
Midlife coffee and tea drinking and the risk of late-life dementia: a population-based
CAIDE study.
J Alzheimers Dis.
2009;
16
85-91
- 117
Rosso A, Mossey J, Lippa CF.
Caffeine: neuroprotective functions in cognition and Alzheimer's disease.
Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen.
2008;
23
417-422
- 118
Arendash GW, Mori T, Cao C. et al .
Caffeine reverses cognitive impairment and decreases brain amyloid-beta levels in
aged Alzheimer's disease mice.
J Alzheimers Dis.
2009;
17
661-680
- 119
Seeman TE, Lusignolo TM, Albert M. et al .
Social relationships, social support, and patterns of cognitive aging in healthy,
high-functioning older adults: MacArthur studies of successful aging.
Health Psychol.
2001;
20
243-255
- 120
Golomb J, Kluger A, Ferris SH.
Mild cognitive impairment: historical development and summary of research.
Dialogues in clinical neuroscience.
2004;
4
351-367
Korrespondenzadresse
Sandra Düzel
Universitätsklinik für
Neurologie & Deutsches
Zentrum für Neurodegenerative
Er1krankungen
Leipziger Straße 44
39120 agdeburg
eMail: sandra.duezel@med.ovgu.de
