Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Definitionsgemäß versteht man unter einer Hypothermie einen Abfall der Körperkerntemperatur
(KKT) auf unter 35 °C. Ätiologisch unterscheidet man eine endogene, therapeutische
und akzidentelle Hypothermie. Mit einer Inzidenz von bis zu 66 % bei Aufnahme im Schockraum
ist die akzidentelle Hypothermie eine häufige Komplikation bei Schwerverletzten. Beim
Polytrauma scheint es, ab einer kritischen KKT von 34 °C zu einer erhöhten Inzidenz
posttraumatischer Komplikationen und einer signifikanten Abnahme der Überlebensrate
zu kommen. Bei einer KKT von unter 32 °C wird in der Literatur eine Mortalität von
bis zu 100 % beschrieben. Material und Methoden: Die wesentlichen pathophysiologischen Effekte einer Hypothermie betreffen das Herz-Kreislauf-,
Gerinnungs- und Immunsystem. Kardiovaskulär kommt es zunächst bei einer milden Hypothermie
(35–32 °C) zu einer Steigerung der sympathischen Aktivität mit Vasokonstriktion, Tachykardie
und Anstieg des Cardiac Output. Über eine zunehmende Arrhythmie und Bradykardie entsteht
bei der schweren Hypothermie (< 32 °C) letztlich eine Asystolie. Die hypothermieinduzierte
Koagulopathie ist gekennzeichnet durch eine Störung der zellulären und plasmatischen
Gerinnung mit hieraus resultierendem, signifikant erhöhtem Blutverlust und damit gesteigertem
Volumen- und Transfusionsbedarf. Durch die Hemmung der posttraumatischen, pro-inflammatorischen
Immunantwort bei gleichzeitiger Stimulation anti-inflammatorischer Immunreaktionen
wirkt die Hypothermie protektiv gegenüber der Entwicklung einer überschießenden systemischen
Inflammation bei zugleich jedoch gesteigerter Infektanfälligkeit. Ergebnisse: Aufgrund der ungünstigen Effekte der akzidentellen Hypothermie beim Polytrauma ist
eine effektive Wiedererwärmung essenziell für die posttraumatische Verbesserung der
Organfunktionen und das Überleben. Eine aggressive Wiedererwärmung (> 0,5 °C / h)
scheint dabei mit einer gesteigerten Inzidenz posttraumatischer Komplikationen und
einer erhöhten Spätmortalität assoziiert zu sein, weswegen sie hypothermen Patienten
im hämorrhagischen Schock vorbehalten sein sollte. Schlussfolgerung: Die akzidentelle Hypothermie stellt aufgrund ihrer Häufigkeit und negativen Auswirkungen
ein wesentliches Problem beim Polytrauma dar und sollte durch eine frühzeitige sowie
effiziente Wiedererwärmung ausgeglichen werden. Ob eine therapeutische Hypothermie
mit ihren in tierexperimentellen Traumamodellen nachgewiesenen günstigen Effekten
auch beim polytraumatisierten Patienten nach initialer Stabilisierung protektive Auswirkungen
haben könnte, muss Gegenstand weiterer experimenteller und klinischer Studien sein.
Abstract
Background: Hypothermia, defined as a body core temperature below 35 °C, could be divided into
an endogeneous, therapeutic and accidental hypothermia. At admission in the emergency
room multiple trauma patients show a hypothermic core temperature in up to 66 %. A
core temperature below 34 °C seems to be critical in these patients as this temperature
limit has been demonstrated to be associated with an increased risk for post-traumatic
complications and a decreased survival. In polytraumatised patients with a core temperature
below 32 °C a mortality rate of 100 % has been described. Material and Methods: The main pathophysiological effects of hypothermia concern the haemodynamic, coagulatory
and immune systems. Mild hypothermia (35–32 °C) leads to a vasoconstriction, tachycardia
and increased cardiac output. After an increasing arrhythmia and bradycardia severe
hypothermia (< 32 °C) finally results in a cardiac arrest. Hypothermia-induced coagulopathy
comprises a dysfunction of the cellular and plasmatic coagulation with an increased
blood loss. Due to the attenuation of the post-traumatic, pro-inflammatory immune
response and enhancement of anti-inflammatory reactions, hypothermia counteracts
an overwhelming systemic inflammation, concomitantly resulting in an increased susceptibility
for infectious complications. Results: Because of the negative effects of the accidental hypothermia, effective rewarming
is essential for adequate bleeding control and successful resuscitation. As aggressive
rewarming (> 0.5 °C / h) has been reported to be associated with an increased mortality
during the further course, this procedure should only be applied in hypothermic multiple
trauma patients with haemorrhagic shock. Conclusion: Accidental hypothermia represents a serious problem in multiple trauma patients due
to its frequency and negative pathophysiological effects. Therefore, early and effective
rewarming is essential in the treatment of hypothermic trauma patients. Possible
protective effects of a therapeutic hypothermia in the treatment of trauma patients
after initial resuscitation and operative bleeding control have to be clarified in
further experimental and clinical studies.
Schlüsselwörter
Hypothermie - Polytrauma - Pathophysiologie - Behandlung
Key words
hypothermia - multiple trauma - pathophysiology - management
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Dr. P. Mommsen
Medizinische Hochschule Hannover · Unfallchirurgische Klinik
Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1
30625 Hannover
Deutschland
Telefon: +49 / 5 11 / 5 32 81 32
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eMail: mommsen.philipp@mh-hannover.de