ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Study design: Systematic review.
Objectives: (1) Does brace treatment compared with observation of curves lead to lower rates
of surgery and failure for patients with idiopathic scoliosis? (2) Does brace treatment
compared with observation of curves lead to better quality of life outcomes for patients
with idiopathic scoliosis? (3) Does brace treatment compared with observation of curves
lead to improved curve angle for patients with idiopathic scoliosis?
Methods: A systematic review of the English-language literature was undertaken for articles
published between 1970 and December 2010. Electronic databases and reference lists
of key articles were searched to identify studies comparing brace treatment with observation
of curves in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Two independent reviewers assessed
the strength of evidence using the GRADE criteria assessing quality, quantity, and
consistency of results. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.
Results: We identified eight studies meeting our inclusion criteria. The pooled studies comparing
surgical rates between observation and brace treatment showed no statistical significance
(P = .65). One study showed a statistically significant difference in failure rate between
observation (45%) and brace (15%) treatment (P < .001). Findings with respect to posttreatment quality of life at 2 years were inconsistent.
Two studies favored the brace group, and one the observation group using the SRS-22
and Quality of Life Profile for Spine Deformities (QLPSD) measures. Two of three studies
reporting pretreatment and posttreatment curve angles demonstrated a treatment effect
favoring bracing; however, statistical significance for these treatment effects could
not be calculated. One study described a treatment effect favoring observation but
the differences were not statistically significant (P = .26).
Conclusion: This systematic review identified and summarized only the highest level of evidence
by limiting to comparison studies. Case-series were not included. This allowed for
comparisons among the same patient populations. Findings with respect to surgical
rates, quality of life, and change in curve angle demonstrate either no significant
differences or inconsistent findings favoring one treatment or the other. If bracing
does not cause a positive treatment effect, then its rejection will lead to significant
savings for healthcare providers and purchasers. Given the very low to low level of
evidence and inconsistent findings, a randomized trial is necessary to determine if
bracing should be recommended.
STUDY RATIONALE AND CONTEXT
Bracing of patients with idiopathic scoliosis remains an evocative subject. There
are strong advocates and skeptics. The aim of bracing is to prevent curve deterioration
and surgical intervention. However, it is still a treatment that can adversely affect
the individual patient. Often, a patient with a small curve may have a spinal deformity
unrecognizable to their friends and peer group. This occurs at a time for most patients
when appearing different can lead to significant negative consequences. Bracing in
itself may create an illness behavior. By making the problem more visible this may
highlight the condition to other individuals. The negative result of a brace can be
offset if its clinical effect causes a treatment outcome that stops major surgical
intervention and risk exposure. However, if the brace does not prevent surgery or
curve progression then the economic costs to society and the negative psychological
and social effects of wearing a brace cause a morbidity that should be avoided.
There has been little done in the way of systematic reviews using only high-level
evidence studies or meta-analyses comparing brace treatment with observation in the
past. Several systematic reviews have compared bracing with observation [1], [2], [3]. Negrini et al [1] only included two studies; one comparing brace treatment to observation and one
comparing two different brace types. They concluded that there was very low quality
of evidence supporting brace treatment. Weiss and Goodall [2] compared several different treatments—physical therapy, inpatient rehabilitation,
bracing, and surgery to the natural history of idiopathic scoliosis. They concluded
that there was some evidence of a better scientific standard supporting inpatient
rehabilitation and bracing for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. Finally, Lenssinck
et al [3] compared various conservative treatments, such as bracing, electrical stimulation,
and exercise. They concluded that because of the low-level quality studies, it is
hard to draw firm conclusions. However, the effectiveness of bracing is promising,
but not yet established. In one meta-analysis, Rowe et al [4] compared different kinds of bracing with electrical stimulation and observation.
However, only one study with observation was included. All other studies compared
different types of braces and electrical stimulation. Their conclusions support the
effectiveness of bracing for treating idiopathic scoliosis. None of the previous systematic
reviews included surgical rates, failure rates, curve-angle changes, and patient-centered
quality of life (QoL) outcomes together in the same review. Therefore, our aim was
to compare brace treatment with observation only with respect to all these measures
in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis.
OBJECTIVES
(1) Does brace treatment compared with observation of curves lead to lower rates of
surgery and failure for patients with idiopathic scoliosis? (2) Does brace treatment
compared with observation of curves lead to better QoL outcomes for patients with
idiopathic scoliosis? (3) Does brace treatment compared with observation of curves
lead to improved curve angle for patients with idiopathic scoliosis?
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design:
Systematic review.
Sampling:
-
Search: PubMed, Cochrane collaboration database, and National Guideline Clearinghouse databases;
bibliographies of key articles.
-
Dates searched: 1970 – December 2010.
Inclusion criteria:
Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
and nonrandomized comparison studies.
Exclusion criteria:
Scoliosis from any other causes; adult patients; adjunct treatments such as electrical
stimulation; case-series and studies with historical controls.
Outcomes:
Surgery rates, failure rates, QoL, and curve-angle changes.
Analysis:
Descriptive statistics. Study-level surgical rate data was combined to calculate pooled
surgical rates and risk differences (between the two groups) with 95% confidence intervals.
Change scores for studies reporting pretreatment and posttreatment QoL and curve angles
were computed. Treatment effects (ie, effects of bracing versus observation) were
calculated by subtracting change scores. Data could not be pooled due to the heterogeneity
of outcome measures and absence of preoperative and postoperative standard deviations.
Details about methods can be found in the web appendix at www.aospine.org / ebsj.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Fifty-two potential articles were identified from our initial search code. Thirty-eight
studies were excluded at title or abstract and 14 were pulled for full-text review.
Six of these studies were excluded. Three studies contained historical controls groups
(ie, groups were not compared during the same period). Three studies contained cohorts
comparing different brace types but they did not compare a brace treatment group with
an observation group. We identified eight studies [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12] meeting our inclusion criteria (Fig
[1]). No randomized controlled trial comparing brace treatment with observation was
identified. All eight studies were nonrandomized studies comparing brace treatment
with observation of curves. Details of each study can be found in Table
[1], Table
[2], Table
[3], Table
[4].
Surgery rates comparing brace treatment with observation of curves (Table
[2] and Fig
[2])
-
Three studies were pooled that compared brace treatment (n = 120) with observation
(n = 115) with respect to surgical rates [6], [7], [10].
-
The mean surgical rate was 23% and 21% after brace and observation, respectively.
The risk difference was 2 % (95% confidence interval: − 0.08 – 0.13; P = .65).
Failure rates comparing brace treatment with observation of curves
-
One study defined failure rate as an increase in curve of at least 6° from the time
of first x-ray, on two consecutive x-rays [5].
-
The failure rate was 15% and 45% after brace and observation, respectively. The risk
difference was 30% (95% confidence interval, 0.19 – 0.41; P < .001).
QoL outcomes comparing brace treatment with observation of curves
-
Four studies [8], [9], [11], [12] were identified that reported some type of QoL outcome (Table
[3]). None of these studies reported preoperative scores, so we could not calculate
and compare treatment effects between groups based on change scores. Only postoperative
scores were reported which may be confounded by the baseline scores.
-
Two studies compared brace with observation using the SRS-22 questionnaire. In Cheung
et al study [8], the overall score favored the observation group (4.47 versus 4.24 points, respectively;
P = .005) (Table
[3]). In contrast, there was no significant difference in overall score in the Parent
et al study [9]; however, the brace group was favored in the pain and satisfaction sub-domains (Table
[3]).
-
The study by Pham et al [11] demonstrated the greatest difference in postoperative QoL scores using the Quality
of Life Profile for Spine Deformities (QLPSD) in favor of the brace group (48 versus
32.25 points; respectively; P < .001). Few differences in QoL were observed in the study by Ugwonali et al [12], with the exception of small differences in expectations in favor of the brace and
global function/symptoms in favor of observation (Table
[3]).
Curve-angle change comparing brace treatment with observation of curves
-
Four studies [6], [7], [10], [11] reported curve-angle outcomes. Three of the four reported pretretament and posttreatment
angles or degrees of correction [2], [6], [7]; however, only one study reported standard deviations so data could not be pooled
nor could standardized mean differences be calculated. One study reported postoperative
rates of patients who developed curve angles > 40° which the authors considered a
failure [3].
-
Two of the three studies reporting pretreatment and posttreatment curve angles demonstrated
a treatment effect favoring bracing [6], [11]; however, statistical significance for these treatment effects could not be calculated.
One study reported a treatment effect favoring observation [10]. The study that evaluated rates of curve-angle failure favored the bracing group
(risk difference = 10.7%; P = .26) [7]. This difference was not statistically significant; however, baseline curves in
the bracing group were on average more severe than the observation group. This was
not accounted for in the analysis.
Fig 1 Results of literature search.
Fig 1 Results of literature search.
Table 1 Characteristics of cohort studies in an idiopathic scoliosis population comparing
bracing with observation.
Table 1 Characteristics of cohort studies in an idiopathic scoliosis population comparing
bracing with observation.
Table 2 Subject characteristics of studies evaluating brace treatment versus observation
for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis.
Table 2 Subject characteristics of studies evaluating brace treatment versus observation
for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis.
Table 3 Characteristics of studies using Quality of Life (QoL) as an outcome in patients
with idiopathic scoliosis treated with bracing or observation.
Table 3 Characteristics of studies using Quality of Life (QoL) as an outcome in patients
with idiopathic scoliosis treated with bracing or observation.
Table 4 Characteristics of studies using curve angle as an outcome in patients with idiopathic
scoliosis treated with bracing or observation.
Table 4 Characteristics of studies using curve angle as an outcome in patients with idiopathic
scoliosis treated with bracing or observation.
Fig 2 Mean surgery rates comparing brace treatment with observation.*
Fig 2 Mean surgery rates comparing brace treatment with observation.*
EVIDENCE SUMMARY
EVIDENCE SUMMARY
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
-
No randomized controlled trials were identified in the literature making a comparison
between bracing and observation as to wether bracing reduces surgical interventions.
While valid comparisons and conclusions can be made from nonrandomized comparison
studies, greater care must be taken in interpreting the results. The greatest threat
to these studies is selection bias (ie, one group that is more or less severe across
studies). However, these studies did not control for important baseline differences
to ensure confounding was not present. Further, the baseline scores for QoL outcomes
were not reported and therefore a change in QoL could not be calculated. Change in
QoL is the most valid measure (compared with outcome score only), especially when
groups may differ at baseline. Curve-angle treatment effects may have favored the
bracing group; however, statistical significance of differences could not be calculated
due to lack of raw data and/or baseline differences were not controlled for.
-
Bracing seems an attractive nonoperative treatment for patients with idiopathic scoliosis.
It makes clinicians believe they are treating the condition without major intervention
and makes parents feel that their children are being treated. However, even if the
clinical effect of bracing is minimal, the impact on the patient for wearing a brace,
multiple hospital attendances as well as the negative social and psychological effects
need to be considered before subjecting a patient to this treatment.
-
We are aware that even if braces are prescribed the compliance with brace wearing
is variable. It could be argued that if compliance was better then bracing would be
more effective. Yet if the treatment compliance is so poor then its effectiveness
should still be considered poor.
-
If bracing does not cause a positive treatment effect then its rejection will lead
to significant savings for health care providers and purchasers.
-
If bracing does work and prevents patients having surgical procedures then this should
lead to significant cost savings for society.
-
Given the poor scientific evidence currently available, bracing should probably only
be considered if patients are involved in a randomized controlled trial to confirm
its efficacy.
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE
ILLUSTRATIVE CASE
This set of x-rays (Fig [3], Fig [4], Fig [5], Fig [6], Fig [7], Fig [8]) demonstrates curve progression in a patient with idiopathic scoliosis who was extremely
compliant with brace wearing. She initially presented at 13 years old and during a
2-year period she was braced in a Boston Brace. The curve progressed during that time
to a more complex double curve that required a more significant intervention to correct
the curve surgically.
Fig 3 Patient aged 13 years. No treatment.
Fig 3 Patient aged 13 years. No treatment.
Fig 4 Patient aged 13 years; at 6 mths, progression and start bracing.
Fig 4 Patient aged 13 years; at 6 mths, progression and start bracing.
Fig 5 Patient aged 14 years; bracing.
Fig 5 Patient aged 14 years; bracing.
Fig 6 Patient aged 14 years; at 6 months, bracing.
Fig 6 Patient aged 14 years; at 6 months, bracing.
Fig 7 Patient aged 15 years; bracing.
Fig 7 Patient aged 15 years; bracing.
Fig 8 Patient aged 15 years; at 6 months, decision for surgery.
Fig 8 Patient aged 15 years; at 6 months, decision for surgery.
