Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Das Offene Abdomen (OA) ist ein schweres Krankheitsbild mit hoher Morbidität und
Mortalität. Es ist Folge einer chirurgischen Erkrankung oder Behandlungsstrategie.
Das Ziel der Übersichtsarbeit ist, einen systematischen Überblick zu Möglichkeiten
des temporären Bauchdeckenverschlusses sowie zu Früh- und Spätfolgen bei der Behandlung
des OA an Hand einschlägiger aktueller Literaturstellen bereitzustellen. Methode: Themenspezifische selektive PubMed-Recherche des letzten Jahrzehnts mit ergänzten
historisch bedeutsamen Referenzen in Kombination mit eigenen klinischen Erfahrungen.
Ergebnisse: In der initialen Phase ist das OA durch intensivmedizinische Probleme gekennzeichnet.
Pulmonale Störungen, akutes Nierenversagen, persistierende Infektionen und Sepsis
sowie ein Multiorganversagen sind die häufigsten Todesursachen. Die durchschnittliche
Behandlungsdauer auf der Intensivstation beträgt je nach Ursache 13–65 Tage. Die perioperative
Mortalität liegt bei 10–52 %. Bei den Überlebenden treten später typische Komplikationen
wie enteroatmosphärische Fisteln (1,3–41 %), Narbenhernien (32–100 %), intraabdominale
Abszesse (2,1–21 %), postoperative Verwachsungen und Verdauungsstörungen, neurologische
und psychische Störungen (ca. 20 %) sowie heterotope Ossifikationen (17–25 %) auf.
Diskussion: Durch die Verwendung eines temporären Bauchdeckenverschlusses sollen Komplikationen
vermieden, der Pflege- und Behandlungsaufwand verringert und der Patientenkomfort
verbessert werden. Eine wichtige Bedeutung kommt hierbei dem Erreichen eines primären
Faszienverschlusses zu. Die Verfahren mit der höchsten Verschlussrate (Wittmann-Patch®,
STAR – 75–93 %, Dynamische Zugnähte – 61–91 % und V.A.C. – 69–84 %) weisen die geringste
Mortalität auf. Schlussfolgerung: Art und Schwere der vielfältigen Früh- und Spätfolgen bei der Behandlung des OA werden
erheblich von der komplikationstriggernden Ursache sowie der eigentlichen Grunderkrankung
und den Optionen eines suffizienten und zügigen, wenn auch teilweise temporären Bauchdeckenverschlusses
bestimmt.
Abstract
Background: The open abdomen (OA) is a severe disease pattern accompanied by high morbidity and
mortality. It is either result of a surgical disease or approach. The aim of this
review article is to provide a systematic overview on the options of a temporary
closure of the abdominal wall including early and late consequences in the treatment
of an open abdomen based on the current medical literature. Methods: Topic-related, selective, PubMed-based literature search of the last decade including
historically relevant references combined with own clinical experiences. Results: The initial course is marked by problems in intensive care. The most frequent causes
of death are ventilatory problems, acute renal failure, persisting infections and
sepsis as well as multiorgan failure. Intensive care duration ranges from 13 to 65
days. Perioperative mortality is accounted for 10–52 %. Specific complications can
be seen in surviving patients such as enteroatmospheric fistula (1.3–41 %), ventral
hernia (32–100 %), intraabdominal abscess formation (2.1–21 %), intestinal adhesions
and digestion disturbances, neurological und psychological problems (approximately
20 %) as well as heterotopic ossification (17–25 %). Discussion: Application of a temporary abdominal closure aims to avoid those complications. Furthermore,
time and effort for care and treatment are recommended to be reduced as patients comfort
should be improved, simultaneously. Primary fascial closure is of utmost importance
to reach this goal. Procedures with highest fascial closure rate (Wittmann patch,
STAR, 75–93 %; dynamic retention sutures, 61–91 %; V.A.C., 69–84 %) have lowest mortality.
Conclusion: Type and severity of the various early and late consequences in the treatment of
an open abdomen are substantially determined by the complication-inducing causes and
the basic disease as well as by the options of an efficient, even in some cases temporary
closure of the abdominal wall.
Schlüsselwörter
offenes Abdomen - Laparostoma - Narbenhernie - Darmfistel - abdominales Kompartmentsyndrom
- therapeutisches Management
Key words
open abdomen - laparostomy - ventral hernia - intestinal fistula - abdominal compartment
syndrome - therapeutic management
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Dr. O. Jannasch
Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg A. ö. R. · Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Gefäßchirurgie
Leipziger Str. 44
39120 Magdeburg
Deutschland
Telefon: +49 / 3 91 / 6 71 55 00
Fax: +49 / 3 91 / 6 71 55 70
eMail: olof.jannasch@med.ovgu.de