Einfluss körperliche Aktivität auf die Kognition. Ist körperliche Aktivität Demenz-präventiv?

Zusammenfassung

Der Einfluss regelmäßiger körperlicher Aktivität auf kognitive Leistungen gewinnt wegen zunehmender Häufigkeit an Demenzerkrankungen im Zug der demografischen Entwicklung an Interesse. In der vorliegenden Literaturübersicht wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob und gegebenenfalls welchen Einfluss körperliche Aktivität kurz- oder langfristig auf kognitive Leistungen hat. Es wurde zudem eine Metaanalyse prospektiver Kohortenstudien zur Entwicklung kognitiver Defizite mit und ohne regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität bei älteren Personen vorgenommen. Es zeigt sich, dass körperliche Aktivität sowohl kurz- als auch langfristig einen positiven Einfluss auf kognitive Funktionen ausüben kann, wobei allerdings der Effekt bei bereits bestehenden kognitiven Einschränkungen gering bis sogar fraglich ist. Hingegen zeigt die Metaanalyse, dass regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität – in der Regel im aeroben Bereich – das Risiko eines Abbaus kognitiver Leistungsfähigkeit bei älteren Personen um etwa 25% (undifferenzierte Demenzen), 37% (Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ) und 46% (leichtes kognitives Defizit) reduzieren kann. Lediglich das Risiko vaskulärer Demenzen wurde nicht signifikant gesenkt. Hierin besteht – neben zahlreichen anderen gesundheitsfördernden Effekten – eine weitere Grundlage für den Sinn regelmäßiger sportlicher Aktivität.

Abstract

The interest on the impact of regular physical activity on cognition is growing due to increasing frequencies of dementia caused by the demographic changes. The present review analyses whether there is any impact of short-term or long-standing physical activity on cognition and, if any, in which way and to what extent. A meta-analytical synthesis of prospective cohort studies on the development of cognitive decline in elderly individuals depending on their previous amount of regular physical activity has been performed. The literature review indicates that both short-term as well as regular long-standing physical activity has a positive influence on ­cognitive functions in several aspects. However, the effects are small or even questionable in peo­ple with pre-existing cognitive impairment. The meta-analysis proves that regular physical activity – especially on an aerobic basis – lowers the risk of subsequent cognitive decline by about 25% (undifferentiated dementia), 37% (dementia of Alzheimer type), and 46% (mild cognitive impairment). Merely the risk of vascular dementia has not been proven to be reduced significantly. Therefore, preventing cognitive decline may be another motivation for being regularly phys­ically active – besides the numerous other constitutional effects.

Schlüsselwörter

Kognition - leichtes kognitives Defizit - Demenz - körperliche Aktivität - Sport

Keywords

cognition - mild cognitive deficit - dementia - physical activity - sport

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