Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2013; 34(10): 912-916
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1334967
Training & Testing
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Associates with Metabolic Risk Independent of Central Adiposity

G. Silva
1   Faculty of Sport – University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Porto, Portugal
,
L. Aires
1   Faculty of Sport – University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Porto, Portugal
2   Maia Institute of Higher Education, Maia, Portugal
,
C. Martins
1   Faculty of Sport – University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Porto, Portugal
2   Maia Institute of Higher Education, Maia, Portugal
,
J. Mota
1   Faculty of Sport – University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Porto, Portugal
,
J. Oliveira
1   Faculty of Sport – University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Porto, Portugal
,
J. C. Ribeiro
1   Faculty of Sport – University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Porto, Portugal
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted after revision 04 February 2013

Publication Date:
04 April 2013 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

This study sought to analyze the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), waist circumference (WC) and metabolic risk in children and adolescents. Participants were 633 subjects (58.7% girls) ages 10–18 years. Metabolic risk score (MRS) was calculated from HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose and mean arterial pressure. MRS was dichotomized into low and high metabolic risk (HMRS). CRF was defined as the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) estimated from the 20 m Shuttle Run Test. The first quartile of CRF was set as the low fitness group. The fourth quartile of WC was defined as high central adiposity. With adjustments for age, sex and WC, CRF was correlated with MRS (r=−0.095; p<0.05). WC was correlated with MRS (r=0.150; p<0.001) after adjustments for age, sex and CRF. Participants who had low fitness levels, presented higher levels of MRS (p<0.001) compared to those who were fit, even after adjustment for age, sex and WC. In comparison with subjects who were fit with normal central adiposity, an increased odds ratio (OR) for being at HMRS was found for participants who were of low fitness level with high central adiposity (OR=2.934; 95%CI= 1.690–5.092) and for those who were of low fitness with normal central adiposity (OR=2.234; 95%CI=1.116–4.279). Results suggest that CRF relates to MRS independently of central adiposity.

Key words

aerobic capacity - waist circumference - obesity - metabolic syndrome - cardiovascular risk factors - youths
 

  • References

  • 1 Adegboye AR, Anderssen SA, Froberg K, Sardinha LB, Heitmann BL, Steene-Johannessen J, Kolle E, Andersen LB. Recommended aerobic fitness level for metabolic health in children and adolescents: a study of diagnostic accuracy. Br J Sports Med 2010; 45: 722-728
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome – a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 2006; 23: 469-480
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Allen DB, Nemeth BA, Clark RR, Peterson SE, Eickhoff J, Carrel AL. Fitness is a stronger predictor of fasting insulin levels than adiposity in overweight male middle-school children. J Pediatr 2007; 150: 383-387
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Andersen LB, Sardinha L, Froberg K, Riddoch CJ, Page AS, Anderssen SA. Fitness, adiposity and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in children from Denmark, Estonia and Portugal: The European Youth Heart Study. Int J Pediatr Obes 2008; 3: 58-66
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Anderssen SA, Cooper AR, Riddoch C, Sardinha LB, Harro M, Brage S, Andersen LB. Low cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor for clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children independent of country, age and sex. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14: 526-531
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Antuna-Puente B, Feve B, Fellahi S, Bastard J-P. Adipokines: the missing link between insulin resistance and obesity. Diabetes Metab 2008; 34: 2-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Benson AC, Torode ME, Singh MA. Muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with higher insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents. Int J Pediatr Obes 2006; 1: 222-231
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Blair SN, Kohl 3rd HW, Paffenbarger Jr RS, Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA 1989; 262: 2395-2401
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Boreham C, Twisk J, Murray L, Savage M, Strain JJ, Cran G. Fitness, adiposity, and coronary heart disease risk in adolescents: The Northern Ireland Young Hearts Project. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 270-274
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Brage S, Wedderkopp N, Ekelund U, Franks PW, Wareham NJ, Andersen LB, Froberg K. Features of the metabolic syndrome are associated with objectively measured physical activity and fitness in Danish children: The European Youth Heart Study (EYHS). Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2141-2148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Carrel AL, Allen DB. The influence of fitness on insulin resistance in obese children. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2009; 10: 189-196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000; 320: 1240-1243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Eisenmann JC, Welk GJ, Ihmels M, Dollman J. Adiposity, fitness, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1251-1256
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Eisenmann JC, Welk GJ, Wickel EE, Blair SN. Combined influence of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on cardiovascular disease risk factors among 8-18 year old youth: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Int J Pediatr Obes 2007; 2: 66-72
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Eisenmann JC, Katzmarzyk PT, Perusse L, Tremblay A, Despres JP, Bouchard C. Aerobic fitness, body mass index, and CVD risk factors among adolescents: The Quebec family study. Int J Obes 2005; 29: 1077-1083
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Ekelund U, Anderssen SA, Froberg K, Sardinha LB, Andersen LB, Brage S. Independent associations of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic risk factors in children: The European youth heart study. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 1832-1840
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Friedewald T, Levy RI, Frederickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499-502
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Gutin B, Yin Z, Humphries MC, Bassali R, Le NA, Daniels S, Barbeau P. Relations of body adiposity and cardiovascular fitness to lipid profile in black and white adolescents. Pediatr Res 2005; 58: 78-82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Holloszy JO. Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 338-343
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 IDF. The IDF consensus definition of the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. In: International Diabetes Federation Communications; 2007
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Lobelo F, Pate RR, Dowda M, Liese AD, Ruiz JR. Validity of cardiorespiratory fitness criterion-referenced standards for adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 1222-1229
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Martinez-Gomez D, Eisenmann JC, Gomez-Martinez S, Veses A, Romeo J, Veiga OL, Marcos A, Group AS. Associations of physical activity and fitness with adipocytokines in adolescents: the AFINOS Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22: 252-259
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 McMurray RG, Andersen LB. The Influence of Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome in Youth: A Review. Am J Lifestyle Medicine 2010; 4: 176-186
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 793-801
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Meusel D, Harro M, Oja P, Sjöström M. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with features of metabolic risk factors in children. Should cardiorespiratory fitness be assessed in a European health monitoring system? The European Youth Heart Study. J Public Health 2006; 14: 94-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Ruiz JR, Silva G, Oliveira N, Ribeiro J, Oliveira J, Mota J. Criterion-related validity of the 20-m shuttle run test in youths aged 13-19 years. J Sports Sci 2009; 27: 899-906
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Rizzo NS, Villa I, Hürtig-Wennlöf A, Oja L, Sjöström M. High cardiovascular fitness is associated with low metabolic risk score in children: The European Youth Heart Study. Pediatr Res 2007; 61: 350-355
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Silva G, Aires L, Mota J, Oliveira J, Ribeiro JC. Normative and criterion-related standards for shuttle run performance in youth. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2012; 24: 157-169
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Silva G, Oliveira NL, Aires L, Mota J, Oliveira J, Ribeiro JC. Calculation and validation of models for estimating VO2max from the 20-m shuttle run test in children and adolescents. Arch Exerc Health Dis 2012; 3: 145-152
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Taylor RW, Jones IE, Williams SM, Goulding A. Evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and the conicity index as screening tools for high trunk fat mass, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in children aged 3–19 y. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 490-495
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 The Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research . FITNESSGRAM Test Administration Manual. 3rd ed. Champaign, Illinois, USA: Human Kinetics; 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 33 The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III 1988–94) Reference Manuals and Reports 1996
    PubMed
  • 34 Welk GJ, Laurson KR, Eisenmann JC, Cureton KJ. Development of youth aerobic-capacity standards using receiver operating characteristic curves. Am J Prev Med 2011; 41: S111-S116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar