Primäre arterielle Hypertonie und ihre Komplikationen

Zusammenfassung

Die Technik der Transzendentalen Meditation ist ein standardisiertes Verfahren, das als bedeutsame kausale Therapie in der multifaktoriellen Genese der primären Hypertonie eingesetzt werden kann. Die regelmäßige Praxis reduziert die vegetative Stressbelastung und als Primärprävention einen Großteil der kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren. Neben der Blutdrucksenkung minimiert sie Spätfolgen der KHK wie Arteriosklerose, Angina pectoris, Herzinsuffizienz, Rechtsherzhypertrophie sowie die Mortalität der Patienten.

Abstract

The technique of transcendental meditation is a standardized procedure, which can be used as a significant causal therapy in the multifactorial genesis of primary hypertension. If it is practiced regularly, it helps to reduce the vegetative stress level - and as a primary prevention - the majority of cardiovascular risk factors. In addition to the reduction of blood pressure it minimizes late sequelae such as arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, cardiac insufficiency, right heart hypertrophy as well as the mortality of the patients.

Schlüsselwörter

Primäre arterielle Hypertonie - Transzendentale Meditation - Prävention - Therapie

Keywords

Primary arterial hypertension - transcendental meditation - prevention - therapy

• Literatur

• 1 Wolf-Maier K et al. Hypertension prevalence and blood pressure levels in 6 European countries, Canada, and the United States. JAMA 2003; 289: 2363-9
• 2 Hense HW. Epidemiologie der arteriellen Hypertonie und Implikationen für die Prävention. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2000; 125: 1397-402
• 3 Herold G Hrsg Innere Medizin. Köln: Herold; 2014. 299-315
• 4 Kluthe R, Brüngel M. Bluthochdruck. In: Biesalski HK, Fürst P, Kasper H, Hrsg Ernährungsmedizin. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1999. 396-413
• 5 Stimpel M. Arterielle Hypertonie. Differentialdiagnose und -therapie. Darmstadt: Steinkopff; 2001.
• 6 Wallace RK et al. The physiology of meditation. Scientific American 1972; 226: 84-90
• 7 Wallace RK et al. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. American Journal of Physiology 1971 1971; 221: 795-799
• 8 1. Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Collected Papers Vol. 1 Rheinweiler: MERU Press; 1977 2. Chalmers RA, et al. Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Collected Papers Vol. 2-4 Rheinweiler: MERU Press; 1989 3. Chalmers RA, et al. Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Collected Papers Vol. 5 6. Fairfield Iowa. Maharishi University of Management Press. 1995 Vol. 7 ebenda 2013
• 9 Jevning R et al. The physiology of meditation: a review. A wakeful hypometabolic integrated response. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 1992; 16: 415-424
• 10 Miskiman D. The Treatment of Insomnia by the Transcendental Meditation Program 1972. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, Kasper H, eds. Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Collected Papers Vol. 1 Rheinweiler: MERU Press; 1977
• 11 Miskiman D. Long-Term Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Program in the Treatment of Insomnia 1975. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Collected Papers Vol. 1 Rheinweiler: MERU Press; 1977
• 12 Wilson AF et al. Transcendental Meditation and Asthma. Respiration 1975; 32: 74-80
• 13 Honsberger RW, Wilson AF. The effect of Transcendental Meditation upon bronchial asthma. Clinical Research 1973; 21: 278
• 14 Honsberger RW, Wilson AF. Transcendental Meditation in treating asthma. Respiratory Therapy. The Journal of Inhalation Technology 1973; 3: 79-80
• 15 Wolkove N et al. Effect of Transcendental Meditation on breathing and respiratory control. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology 1984; 56: 607-612
• 16 Wallace RK et al. Decreased drug abuse with Transcendental Meditation: A study of 1,862 subjects. In: Zarafonetis CJD, ed. Drug Abuse. Proceedings of the International Conference. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1972. 369-376
• 17 Schenkluhn H, Geisler M. Eine Langzeitstudie über den Einfluss des Programms der transzendentalen Meditation auf Drogenmissbrauch. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Collected Papers Vol. 1 Rheinweiler: MERU Press; 1977: 524-536
• 18 Stutz E. Transzendentale Meditation in der Behandlung Drogenabhängiger. Das öffentliche Gesundheitswesen 1977; 39: 759-766
• 19 Windquist WT. The Transcendental Meditation Program and Drug Abuse: A retrospective Study. In: Orme-Johnson DW, Farrow JT, eds. Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Collected Papers Vol. 1 Rheinweiler: MERU Press; 1977: 497
• 20 Gelderloos P, Walton KG, Orme-Johnson DW et al. Effectiveness of the Transcendental Meditation program in preventing and treating substance misuse: a review. International Journal of the Addictions 1991; 26: 293-325
• 21 Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth MV. Treating alcohol, nicotine and drug abuse through Transcendental Meditation: A review and statistical meta-analysis. Alcohol Treatment Quarterly 1994; 11: 13-87
• 22 Heidelberg R. Transzendentale Meditation in der geburtshilflichen Psychoprophylaxe [Dissertation]. Berlin: Med. Fakultät, Freie Univ. Berlin; 1979 In: Chalmers RA, Farrow JT, eds. Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Collected Papers Vol. 3 Rheinweiler: MERU Press; 1989: 1792-1815
• 23 Lovell-Smith HD. Transcendental Meditation and three cases of migraine. New Zealand Medical Journal 1985; 98: 443-445
• 24 Glueck BC, Stroebel CF. Meditation in the Treatment of Psychiatric Illness. Meditation: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Alden Publications; 1984. 150.
• 25 Nader T et al. Improvements in chronic diseases with a comprehensive natural medicine approach: a review and case series. Behavioral Medicine 2000; 26: 34-46
• 26 Orme-Johnson DW. Medical care utilization and the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosomatic Medicine 1987; 49: 493-507
• 27 Schäffler H. Kostendämpfung und Maharishi Ayur-Veda im Gesundheitswesen. Therapeutikon 1989;
• 28 Orme-Johnson DW, Herron RE. An innovative approach to reducing medical care utilization and expenditures. Am J Manag Care 1997; 3: 135-44
• 29 Agarwal BL, Kharbanda A. Effect of transcendental meditation on mild and moderate hypertension. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 1981; 29: 591-596
• 30 Wallace RK et al. Systolic blood pressure and long-term practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program: effects of TM on systolic blood pressure. Psychosomatic Medicine 1983; 45: 41-46
• 31 Schneider RH et al. A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction for hypertension in older African Americans. Hypertension 1995; 26: 820-827
• 32 Schneider RH et al. A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction in African Americans treated for hypertension for over one year. American Journal of Hypertension 2005; 18: 88-98
• 33 Dillbeck MC, Orme-Johnsson DW. Physiological differences between Transcendental Meditation and rest. American Psychologist 1987; 42: 879-881
• 34 Walton KG et al. Lowering cortisol and CVD risk in postmenopausal women: a pilot study using the Transcendental Meditation program. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004; 1032: 211-215
• 35 Barnes VA et al. Impact of Transcendental Meditation on cardiovascular function at rest and during acute stress in adolescents with high normal blood pressure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2001; 51: 597-605
• 36 Wenneberg SR et al. A controlled study of the effects of Transcendental Meditation on cardiovascular reactivity and ambulatory blood pressure. International Journal of Neuroscience 1997; 89: 15-28
• 37 Barnes VA, Orme-Johnson DW. Clinical and pre-clinical applications of the Transcendental Meditation program in the prevention and treatment of essential hypertension and cardiovascular disease in youth and adults. Current Hypertension Reviews 2006; 2: 207-218
• 38 Andersson, Lingman, Himmelmann et al. Prediction of future hypertension by casual blood pressure or invasive hemodynamics? A 30-year follow-up study. Blood Pressure 2004; 13: 350-354
• 39 Eppley K et al. Differential effects of relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1989; 45: 957-974
• 40 Sedlmeier P, Eberth J, Schwarz M et al. The psychological effects of meditation: A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2012; 138: 1139-1171
• 41 Alexander CN et al. Transcendental Meditation, self-actualization, and psychological health: A conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 1991; 6: 189-247
• 42 Brooks JS, Scarano T. Transcendental Meditation in the treatment of post-Vietnam adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development 1985; 64: 212-215
• 43 Orme-Johnson DW, Barnes VA. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on Trait Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2013; 19: 1-12
• 44 Alexander CN et al. Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse through Transcendental Meditation: a review and statistical meta-analysis. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 1994; 11: 13-87
• 45 Royer A. The role of the Transcendental Meditation technique in promoting smoking cessation: a longitudinal study. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 1994; 11: 221-238
• 46 Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth MV. Alcohol Treatment Quarterly 1997; 11: 13-87
• 47 Bauhofer U. Das Programm der Transzendentalen Meditation in der Behandlung von Adipositas. In: Chalmers RA, Farrow JT, eds. Scientific Research on Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. Collected Papers Vol. 3 Rheinweiler: MERU Press; 1989: 2196-2206
• 48 Paul-Labrador M, Polk D, Dwyer JH et al. Effects of a randomized controlled trial of transcendental meditation on components of the metabolic syndrome in subjects with coronary heart disease. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006; 166: 1218-1224
• 49 Cooper M, Aygen M. Effect of meditation on serum cholesterol and blood pressure. Harefuah, Journal of the Israel Medical Association 1978; 95: 1-2
• 50 Cooper M, Aygen M. Transcendental Meditation in the management of hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Human Stress 1979; 5: 24-27
• 51 Schneider RH et al. Lower lipid peroxide levels in practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosomatic Medicine 1998; 60: 38-41
• 52 Alexander CN, Schneider RH, Staggers F et al. Trial of stress reduction for hypertension in older African Americans. II. Sex and risk subgroup analysis. Hypertension. 1996. 28. 228-37
• 53 Castillo-Richmond A et al. Effects of stress reduction on carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive African Americans. Stroke 2000; 31: 568-573
• 54 Zamarra JW et al. Usefulness of the Transcendental Meditation program in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Cardiology 1996; 77: 867-870
• 55 Jayadevappa R, Johnson JC, Bloom BS et al. Effectiveness of transcendental meditation on functional capacity and quality of life of African Americans with congestive heart failure: a randomized control study. Ethnicity & Disease 2007; 17: 72-77
• 56 Schneider RH, Alexander CN, Staggers F et al. Long-term effects of stress reduction on mortality in persons >/=55 years of age with systemic hypertension. American Journal of Cardiology 2005; 95: 1060-1064
• 57 Schneider RH, Nidich S, Kotchen JM et al. Effects of stress reduction on clinical events in African Americans with coronary heart disease: A randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2009; 120: 461
• 58 Brook R, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M et al. Beyond Medications and Diet: Alternative Approaches to Lowering Blood Pressure: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association
. Hypertension 2013; 61: 1360-83
• 59 Kontaktadressen unter www.meditation.de