kleintier konkret 2014; 17(5): 2-10
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1384479
hund
gynäkologie
Enke Verlag in MVS Medizinverlage Stuttgart GmbH & Co. KG Stuttgart

Kastration der Hündin und Harninkontinenz – aktueller Kenntnisstand

Rafael Nickel
Tierklinik Norderstedt
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
14 November 2014 (online)

Bislang wurde als häufigste Ursache der Harninkontinenz der erwachsenen Hündin eine Funktionsschwäche der Harnröhre als Folge der Kastration angesehen. Bei Anwendung strikter wissenschaftlicher Beweiskriterien (Evidenz und Evidenzniveau) sind die Zusammenhänge nicht ganz so eindeutig nachgewiesen. Dieser Beitrag gibt eine Übersicht über die relevanten Studien zum Zusammenhang zwischen Kastration und Harninkontinenz, zum Einfluss des Kastrationszeitpunkts und der Methode (Ovariektomie vs. Ovariohysterektomie) sowie möglicher Veranlagung. Diagnostik und Therapieoptionen werden ebenfalls besprochen.

 
  • Literatur

  • 1 Adams WM, DiBartola SP. Radiographic and clinical features of pelvic bladder in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983; 182 (11): 1212-1217
  • 2 Arnold S, Arnold P, Hubler M et al. Incontinentia urinae bei der kastrierten Hündin: Häufigkeit und Rassedisposition. Schweiz Arch Tierheilk 1989; 131: 259-263
  • 3 Arnold S, Jäger P, DiBartola SP et al. Treatment of urinary incontinence in dogs by endoscopic injection of Teflon. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 195 (10): 1369-1374
  • 4 Arnold S, Hubler M, Lott-Stolz G et al. Treatment of urinary incontinence in bitches by endoscopic injection of glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen. J Small Anim Pract 1996; 37 (4): 163-168
  • 5 Atalan G, Holt PE, Barr FJ. Ultrasonographic assessment of bladder neck mobility in continent bitches and bitches with urinary incontinence attributable to urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59 (6): 673-679
  • 6 Bacon NJ, Oni O, White RA. Treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in 11 bitches with a sustained-release formulation of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride. Vet Rec 2002; 151 (13): 373-376
  • 7 Barth A, Reichler IM, Hubler M et al. Evaluation of long-term effects of endoscopic injection of collagen into the urethral submucosa for treatment of urethral sphincter incompetence in female dogs: 40 cases (1993–2000). Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226 (1): 73-76
  • 8 Beauvais W, Cardwell JM, Brodbelt DC. The effect of neutering on the risk of urinary incontinence in bitches – a systematic review. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53 (4): 198-205
  • 9 Blendinger C, Blendinger K, Bostedt H. Die Harninkontinenz nach Kastration bei der Hündin. 2. Mitteilung: Therapie Tierarztl Prax 1995; 23 (4): 402-406
  • 10 Byron JK, March PA, Chew DJ et al. Effect of phenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine on the urethral pressure profile and continence scores of incontinent female dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21 (1): 47-53
  • 11 Byron JK, Chew DJ, McLoughlin ML. Retrospective evaluation of urethral bovine cross-linked collagen implantation for treatment of urinary incontinence in female dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25 (5): 980-984
  • 12 Carofiglio F, Hamaide AJ, Farnir F et al. Evaluation of the urodynamic and hemodynamic effects of orally administered phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine in female dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67 (4): 723-730
  • 13 Claeys S, de Leval J, Hamaide A. Transobturator vaginal tape inside out for treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence: preliminary results in 7 female dogs. Vet Surg 2010; 39 (8): 969-979
  • 14 Claeys S, Rustichelli F, Noël S et al. Clinical evaluation of a single daily dose of phenylpropanolamine in the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. Can Vet J 2011; 52 (5): 501-505
  • 15 Creed K. Effect of hormones on urethral sensitivity to phenylephrine in normal and incontinent dogs. Res Vet Sci 1983; 34 (2): 177-181
  • 16 Currao RL, Berent AC, Weisse C et al. Use of a percutaneously controlled urethral hydraulic occluder for treatment of refractory urinary incontinence in 18 female dogs. Vet Surg 2013; 42 (4): 440-447
  • 17 De Bleser B, Brodbelt DC, Gregory NG et al. The association between acquired urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence in bitches and early spaying: a case-control study. Vet J 2011; 187 (1): 42-47
  • 18 Delisser PJ, Friend EJ, Chanoit GP et al. Static hydraulic urethral sphincter for treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in 11 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53 (6): 338-343
  • 19 Forsee KM, Davis GJ, Mouat EE et al. Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs: 566 cases (2003–2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242 (7): 959-962
  • 20 Gregory SP, Holt PE. Comparison of stressed simultaneous urethral pressure profiles between anesthetized continent and incontinent bitches with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54 (2): 216-222
  • 21 Gregory SP, Cripps PJ, Holt PE. Comparison of urethral pressure profilometry and contrast radiography in the diagnosis of incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism in bitches. Vet Rec 1996; 138 (3): 58-61
  • 22 Hamaide AJ, Grand JG, Farnir F et al. Urodynamic and morphologic changes in the lower portion of the urogenital tract after administration of estriol alone and in combination with phenylpropanolamine in sexually intact and spayed female dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67 (5): 901-908
  • 23 Holt PE. Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: surgical treatment. J Small Anim Pract 1985; 26: 237-246
  • 24 Holt PE. Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: prevalence in referred dogs and retrospective analysis of sixty cases. J Small Anim Pract 1985; 26 (4): 181-190
  • 25 Holt PE. Simultaneous urethral pressure profilometry: comparisons between continent and incontinent bitches. J Small Anim Pract 1988; 29 (2): 761-769
  • 26 Holt PE. Long-term evaluation of colposuspension in the treatment of urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism in the bitch. Vet Rec 1990; 127 (22): 537-542
  • 27 Holt PE. Urinary incontinence in dogs and cats. Vet Rec 1990; 127: 347-350
  • 28 Holt PE, Thrusfield MV. Association in bitches between breed, size, neutering and docking, and acquired urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism. Vet Rec 1993; 133 (8): 177-180
  • 29 Janszen BP, Laar PH van, Bergman JG. Treatment of urinary incontinence in the bitch: a pilot field study with Incurin. Vet Q 1997; 19 (1): 42
  • 30 Johnston GR, Osborne CA, Jessen CR et al. Effects of urinary bladder distension on location of the urinary bladder and urethra of healthy dogs and cats. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47 (2): 404-415
  • 31 Mahaffey MB, Barsanti JA, Barber DL et al. Pelvic bladder in dogs without urinary incontinence. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 184 (12): 1477-1479
  • 32 Mandigers P, Nell T. Treatment of bitches with acquired urinary incontinence with oestriol. Vet Rec 2001; 149: 764-767
  • 33 Martinoli S, Nelissen P, White RA. The outcome of combined urethropexy and colposuspension for management of bitches with urinary incontinence associated with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Vet Surg 2014; 43 (1): 52-57
  • 34 Nickel RF, van den Brom WE. Simultaneous diuresis cysto-urethrometry and multi-channel urethral pressure profilometry in female dogs with refractory urinary incontinence. Am J Vet Res 1997; 58 (7): 691-696
  • 35 Nickel RF. Studies on the function and dysfunction of the urethra and bladder in continent and incontinent female dogs [PhD Thesis]. Utrecht University; 1998: 11-126
  • 36 Nickel RF, Wiegand U, van den Brom WE. Evaluation of a transpelvic sling procedure with and without colopsuspension for treatment of female dogs with refractory urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Vet Surg 1998; 27 (2): 94-104
  • 37 Nickel RF, Vink-Noteboom M, den Brom WE van. Clinical and radiographic findings compared with urodynamic findings in neutered female dogs with refractory urinary incontinence. Vet Rec 1999; 145 (1): 11-15
  • 38 Noël S, Cambier C, Baert K et al. Combined pharmacokinetic and urodynamic study of the effects of oral administration of phenylpropanolamine in female Beagle dogs. Vet J 2010; 184 (2): 201-207
  • 39 Okkens AC, Kooistra HS, Nickel RF. Comparison of long-term effects of ovariectomy versus ovariohysterectomy in bitches. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1997; 51: 227-231
  • 40 Reeves L, Adin C, McLoughlin M et al. Outcome after placement of an artificial urethral sphincter in 27 dogs. Vet Surg 2013; 42 (1): 12-18
  • 41 Reichler IM, Hubler M, Jöchle W et al. The effect of GnRH analogs on urinary incontinence after ablation of the ovaries in dogs. Theriogenology 2003; 60 (7): 1207-1216
  • 42 Reichler IM, Pfeiffer E, Piché CA et al. Changes in plasma gonadotropin concentrations and urethral closure pressure in the bitch during 12 months following ovariectomy. Theriogenology 2004; 62 (8): 1391-1402
  • 43 Reichler IM, Barth A, Piché CA et al. Urodynamic parameters and plasma LH/FSH in spayed Beagle bitches before and 8 weeks after GnRH depot analogue treatment. Theriogenology 2006; 66 (9): 2127-2136
  • 44 Reichler IM, Jöchle W, Piché CA et al. Effect of a long acting GnRH analogue or placebo on plasma LH/FSH, urethral pressure profiles and clinical signs of urinary incontinence due to sphincter mechanism incompetence in bitches. Theriogenology 2006; 66 (5): 1227-1236
  • 45 Richter KP, Ling GV. Clinical response and urethral pressure profile changes after phenylpropanolamine in dogs with primary sphincter incompetence. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 187 (6): 605-611
  • 46 Rose SA, Adin CA, Ellison GW et al. Long-term efficacy of a percutaneously adjustable hydraulic urethral sphincter for treatment of urinary incontinence in four dogs. Vet Surg 2009; 38 (6): 747-753
  • 47 Salomon JF, Gouriou M, Dutot E et al. Experimental study of urodynamic changes after ovariectomy in 10 dogs. Vet Rec 2006; 159 (24): 807-811
  • 48 Spain CV, Scarlett JM, Houpt KA. Long-term risks and benefits of early-age gonadectomy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224 (3): 380-387
  • 49 Stöcklin-Gautschi NM, Hässig M, Reichler IM et al. The relationship of urinary incontinence to early spaying in bitches. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 2001; 57: 233-236
  • 50 Thrusfield MV, Holt PE, Muirhead RH. Acquired urinary incontinence in bitches: its incidence and relationship to neutering practices. J Small Anim Pract 1998; 39 (12): 559-566
  • 51 White RN. Urethropexy for the management of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch. J Small Anim Pract 2001; 42 (10): 481-486
  • 52 White RA, Pomeroy CJ. Phenylpropanolamine: an alpha-adrenergic agent for the management of urinary incontinence in bitch associated with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. Vet Rec 1989; 125 (19): 478-480