Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2016; 37(01): 1-5
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1554699
Training & Testing
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

A Tool to Quickly Detect Short Hamstring Syndrome in Boys who Play Soccer

F. Piqueras-Rodríguez
1   Physiotherapy Office, Altiplano Salud Medical Center, Jumilla, Spain
,
A. Palazón-Bru
2   Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
,
D. R. J. Martínez-St John
3   Da Vinci Clinic, Physiotherapy Office, Santa Faz, Spain
,
D. M. Folgado-de la Rosa
2   Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
,
V. F. Gil-Guillén
2   Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted after revision 18 May 2015

Publication Date:
28 October 2015 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

There is a lack of studies of alternative techniques differing from the straight leg raise test (SLR) and the passive knee extension test (PKE) to diagnose short hamstring syndrome (SHS). We built a predictive model with simple parameters to diagnose SHS and implemented it in a mobile app. This cross-sectional study analyzed 85 Spanish boys aged 10–16 years who played soccer in 2012. Outcomes: SHS (SLR<70° and/or PKE>15°), and grade II SHS (SLR<60° and/or PKE≥35°). Secondary variables: toe-touch test (TT), body mass index (BMI), age, laterality and number of years registered as part of a federation. A risk table implemented in a mobile app was built to estimate the probability of SHS and grade II SHS according to secondary variables. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated and we constructed risk groups. Scoring factors for SHS: low TT, younger age and lower BMI. AUC: 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82–0.96, p<0.001). Scoring factors for grade II SHS: younger age, higher BMI, left footed and lower TT. AUC: 0.78 (95% CI: 0.68–0.88, p<0.001). We provide a tool with minimum material but with a high discriminatory power to quickly calculate whether a boy who plays soccer has SHS. The models need validation studies.

Key words

musculoskeletal diseases - early diagnosis - sports medicine - soccer - athletic injuries - mobile applications
 

  • References

  • 1 American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (ed.). Joint Motion: Method of Measuring and Recording. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1966
    Google Scholar
  • 2 American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (ed.). ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 8th Ed Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Busquet L. La pubalgia. In: Busquet L. (ed.) Las Cadenas Musculares. Tomos III. 5th ed Badalona, Spain: Paidotribo; 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Comerford M. Dynamic stabilization-evidence of muscle dysfunction. British Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the Society of Orthopaedic Medicine Conference; London 1997
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Engebretsen AH, Myklebust G, Holme I, Engebretsen L, Bahr R. Intrinsic risk factors for hamstring injuries among male soccer players: a prospective cohort study. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38: 1147-1153
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Faria A, Gabriel R, Abrantes J, Brás R, Moreira H. Triceps-surae musculotendinous stiffness: relative differences between obese and non-obese postmenopausal women. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2009; 24: 866-871
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Gabbe BJ, Bennell KL, Finch CF. Why are older Australian football players at greater risk of hamstring injury?. J Sci Med Sport 2006; 9: 327-333
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Gajdosik R. Hamstring stretching and posture. Phys Ther 1997; 77: 438-440
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Gajdosik RL, LeVeau BF, Bohannon RW. Effects of ankle dorsiflexion on active and passive unilateral straight leg raising. Phys Ther 1985; 65: 1478-1482
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Gajdosik RL, Lusin G. Hamstring muscle tightness: reliability of an active-knee-extension test. Phys Ther 1983; 63: 1085-1090
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Gajdosik RL, Rieck MA, Sullivan DK, Wightman SE. Comparison of four clinical test for assessing hamstring muscle length. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1993; 18: 614-618
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The meaning and use of the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology 1982; 143: 29-36
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2014 update. Int J Sports Med 2013; 34: 1025-1028
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Harvey J, Tanner S. Low back pain in young athletes. A practical approach. Sports Med 1991; 2: 394-406
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Hennessy L, Watson AWS. Flexibility and posture assessment in relation to hamstring injury. Br J Sports Med 1993; 27: 243-246
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Kujala UM, Taimela S, Erkintalo M, Salminen JJ, Kaprio J. Low-back pain in adolescent athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 165-170
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Lambertz D, Souza TOL, Canon F, Xavier LCC, Ferraz KM. Influence of overweight on the active and the passive fraction of the plantar flexors series elastic component in prepubertal children. J Appl Physiol 2013; 114: 73-80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Li Y, McClure PW, Pratt N. The effect of hamstring muscle stretching on standing posture and on lumbar and hip motions during forward bending. Phys Ther 1996; 76: 836-845
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Nagelkerke N. A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika 1991; 78: 691-692
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Norkin CC, White D. (eds.) Measurement of joint motion: a guide of goniometry. Michigan: Davis; 1995
  • 21 Pastor A. Estudio del morfotipo sagital de la columna y de la extensibilidad de la musculatura isquiosural de jóvenes nadadores de élite Españoles [PhD thesis]. Crewe: Universidad de Murcia; 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Ramírez-Prado D, Palazón-Bru A, Folgado-de-la Rosa DM, Carbonell-Torregrosa MA, Martínez-Díaz AM, Gil-Guillén VF. Predictive models for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic inpatients. A cohort study. Int J Clin Pract 2015; 69: 474-484
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Rolls A, George K. The relationship between hamstring muscle injuries and hamstring muscle length in young elite footballers. Phys Ther Sport 2004; 5: 179-187
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Sainz de Baranda P, Rodríguez-Iniesta M, Ayala F, Santonja F, Cejudo A. Determination of the criterion-related validity of hip joint angle test for estimating hamstring flexibility using a contemporary statistical approach. Clin J Sport Med 2014; 24: 320-325
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Santonja-Medina F, Pastor-Clement A. Cortedad isquiosural y actitud cifótica lumbar. Selección 2003; 12: 150-154
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Schmidt-Olsen S, Jørgensen U, Kaalund S, Sørensen J. Injuries among young soccer players. Am J Sports Med 1991; 19: 273-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Sullivan LM, Massaro JM, D’Agostino RB. Presentation of multivariate data for clinical use: The Framingham Study risk score functions. Review. Stat Med 2004; 23: 1631-1660
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar