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Neuropediatrics 2016; 47(02): 084-096
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1570492
Review Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome: Current Concepts of Etiology and Treatment in Children and Adolescents

Friederike Tagwerker Gloor
1   Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
,
Susanne Walitza
1   Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

27 April 2015

21 November 2015

Publication Date:
01 February 2016 (online)

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Abstract

Tic disorders (TD), including chronic/persistent TD (CTD) and Tourette syndrome, have been described and studied for many years. Within the last two decades, intensified study efforts led to more specific assumptions about genesis and influences of both hereditary and environmental factors. TD in children and adolescents are very often accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) as comorbid disorders. Comorbidities are aggravating factors concerning prognosis and treatment opportunities. Therefore, etiological considerations and treatment strategies have to take associated psychiatric disorders into account. Treatment approaches are symptom targeted and include behavioral treatments and/or medication and show positive outcomes concerning tic symptomatology, global functioning, and associated psychopathology. This review presents an update of the research, definitions, and classification according to ICD-10 and DSM-5 and summarizes the diagnostic procedures and most effective clinical strategies.

Keywords

tic disorders - Tourette syndrome - etiology - treatment - children and adolescents

Notes

All mentioned studies have been identified using Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science databases.


 

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