Schmerzreduktion bei Impfungen

Zusammenfassung

Bereits im Säuglingsalter gehören schmerzhafte Nadelstiche bei Routineimpfungen zu typischen Erfahrungen eines jeden Kindes. Die Injektionen, i. m. verabreicht, gelten als besonders schmerzhaft. Der Injektionsschmerz kann mit unterschiedlichen Verfahren gemindert werden. Psychologische Maßnahmen zielen auf die Ablenkung des Kindes von der Prozedur ab. Die Aufmerksamkeit des Kindes kann durch Blasen von Windrädern, Gespräche oder Videofilme auf prozedurunabhängige Aktivitäten fokussiert werden. Die Anwesenheit der Eltern ist für das Kind von großer Bedeutung. Pharmakologisch kann mittels spezieller Lokalanästhetikamixturen ein umschriebenes Hautareal anästhesiert werden. In Deutschland ist die Anwendung von EMLA^® weit verbreitet. Neben Lokalanästhetika kann auch Eisspray die Haut zuverlässig betäuben. Als dritte Schiene schmerzreduzierender Maßnahmen sind Überlegungen zu Applikationsform, Injektionsort und Injektionstechnik von Bedeutung. Beispielsweise verursacht ein auf Zimmertemperatur erwärmter Impfstoff deutlich weniger Schmerzen als ein gekühltes Präparat. Alle Maßnahmen sind miteinander kombinierbar und ermöglichen die Durchführung möglichst schmerzarmer Impfungen.

Summary

Starting in the neonatal period, children experience painful needle injections during immunization. These i. m. injections are known to be very painful. To minimize pain during injections, we know different techniques. Psychological intervention deals with distracting the child from the injection by involving him in other activities. The use of pinwheels, discussions or movies show good effect. Parents should support their child during the procedure. From the pharmacological side a number of local anaesthetics are available. In Germany EMLA^® is widely known. For small skin areas Vapocoolant^® offers also effective anaesthesia. Pain reducing techniques include the choice of the injections site, injection technique and form of application. Warmed to room temperature the vaccine produces less pain than the cooled equivalent. All these different techniques can be combined freely and may help to minimize pain during immunization.

Schlüsselwörter

Impfungen - Schmerzreduktion - psychologische Betreuung - EMLA^®

Keywords

Immunization - painreduction - psychological interventions - EMLA^®

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