Knochenqualität jenseits von Knochenmineraldichte

Zusammenfassung

Osteoporose ist eine Skeletterkrankung, die nur teilweise durch eine Veränderung der Knochenmineraldichte gekennzeichnet ist. Knochenqualität wird durch eine Vielzahl von kompositionellen und ultrastrukturellen Parametern der mineralisierten Knochenmatrix bestimmt. Im Gegensatz zu radiografischen Methoden tragen Ultraschallwellen durch ihre elastische Wechselwirkung mit dem Knochengewebe Informationen über dessen elastische und ultrastrukturelle Eigenschaften. Quantitative Ultraschallmethoden (QUS) sind erstklassige Alternativen zur radiologischen Abschätzung des Frakturrisikos. Neue Methoden messen direkt an besonders frakturgefährdeten anatomischen Regionen, wie. z. B. dem distalen Radius und dem proximalen Femur. Experimentell erlauben Schallfrequenzen bis in den GHz-Bereich “elastische Einblicke” bis in die lamelläre Knochenstruktur. Das Potenzial der Kombination hochaufgelöster mikroelastischer Verteilungsmessungen mit numerischen Schallausbreitungssimulationen zur Optimierung neuer QUS-Methoden wird im Folgenden vorgestellt.

Summary

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that is only partially explained by variations in bone mineral density. Bone quality is determined by a variety of compositional and ultra-structural properties of the mineralized tissue matrix. In contrast to x-ray based methods, the interaction of acoustic waves with bone tissue generates information on the elastic and structural properties of this tissue. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a first class alternative to ionizing x-ray based assessment of fracture risk. New methods measure at fragile anatomical regions, e. g. the distal radius and the proximal femur. Experimentally, ultrasound frequencies up to the GHz range allow an “elastic view” into the lamellar bone structure. The potential of high resolution microelastic images measured by scanning acoustic microscopy in combination with numerical sound propagation simulations for the optimization and validation of novel QUS methods will be discussed.

Schlüsselwörter

Akustische Mikroskopie - akustische Impedanz - axiale Transmission - Elastizität - Festigkeit - Frakturrisiko - Knochenqualität - Knochenmineraldichte - Osteoporose - quantitativer Ultraschall - Schallgeschwindigkeit

Keywords

Acoustic microscopy - acoustic impedance - axial transmission - elasticity - stiffness - fracture risk - bone quality - bone mineral density - osteoporosis - quantitative ultrasound - speed of sound

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