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Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2012; 40(04): 239-250
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1623125
Übersichtsartikel
Schattauer GmbH

Auswirkungen der Länge der Trockenstehzeit bei Milchkühen auf Leistung, Gesundheit, Fruchtbarkeit und Kolostrumqualität

Effects of dry period length on milk production, health, fertility, and quality of colostrum in dairy cows. Invited review
R. Mansfeld
1   Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
,
C. Sauter-Louis
1   Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
,
R. Martin
1   Klinik für Wiederkäuer mit Ambulanz und Bestandsbetreuung der Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Eingegangen: 25 April 2012

Akzeptiert nach Revision: 18 July 2012

Publication Date:
06 January 2018 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

In Bezug auf die Milchproduktion ist die Trockenperiode eine unproduktive Zeit. Ferner steigt das Mastitisrisiko, wenn Kühe mit einer Tagesmilchleistung > 12,5 kg trockengestellt werden, was bei Trockenstehzeiten (TZ) von 55–60 Tagen häufig der Fall ist. Hinweise auf positive Auswirkungen einer verkürzten TZ auch auf die Stoffwechselgesundheit zu Beginn der Laktation und das Reproduktionsgeschehen waren der Anlass für diese Übersichtsarbeit. Durch Verzicht auf eine TZ oder deren Verkürzung sinkt die Milchleistung (ML) in der Folgelaktation, besonders ausgeprägt zu Beginn der zweiten Laktation. Es wird angenommen, dass dies unter anderem auf unterschiedlichen Involutions- und Proliferationsprozessen der Milchdrüsen primi- und multiparer Tiere beruht. Die Mehrzahl der Untersuchungsergebnisse spricht dafür, dass eine TZ-Verkürzung die Eutergesundheit nicht negativ, sondern eher positiv beeinflusst. Auch die Kolostrumqualität wird nicht beeinträchtigt. Bei Verzicht auf ein Trockenstellen kommt es lediglich zu einem Verdünnungseffekt. Nach einem Teil der Untersuchungen wird durch Verkürzung der TZ oder einen Verzicht darauf der Energiestoffwechsel zu Beginn der Laktation entlastet. Die eindeutig positiven Auswirkungen zeigten sich jedoch nur für multipare Tiere. Zudem werden die Ergebnisse durch weitere Faktoren (z. B. Melkfrequenz vor und nach dem Kalben) beeinflusst. In verschiedenen Studien wurden positive Auswirkungen einer Verkürzung der TZ auf das Reproduktionsgeschehen nachgewiesen. Die Zeit von der Kalbung bis zur ersten Ovulation wie auch Indikatoren zur Beurteilung des Besamungserfolgs und der Reproduktionsleistung zeigten bei Tieren ohne oder mit verkürzter TZ die besseren Ergebnisse, wobei auch diese vor allem für multipare Kühe zutrafen, während sich für primipare Tiere zum Teil sogar Verschlechterungen ergaben. Insgesamt ist festzustellen, dass sich die Frage nach einer optimalen Länge der TZ nicht allgemeingültig beantworten lässt. Die Festlegung der TZ sollte als betriebsspezifisch und bedarfsorientiert anzuwendendes Managementwerkzeug genutzt werden.

Summary

In terms of milk production, the dry period (DP) is a non-productive time. In addition, the risk of mastitis increases when cows with daily milk yield > 12.5 kg are dried off, which is often the case when the DP is set to 55–60 days. References on the positive effects of a shortened DP on the metabolic health at the start of lactation and the subsequent reproductive performance were the motive of this review. Completely foregoing or shortening the DP produces a decrease in milk yield during the following lactation. This decrease is particularly pronounced for cows at the beginning of the second lactation. It is thought that this may be due in part to different involution and proliferation processes of the mammary glands in primiparous and multiparous animals. The majority of the scientific papers suggest that shortening the DP has a positive rather than a negative effect on udder health. The quality of the colostrum is also unaffected; but if there is no drying off, the colostrum will be diluted. When considered overall, the literature, with support from metabolic profile studies, appears to favour a reduced impact on energy metabolism in early lactation in circumstances when the DP is shortened or waived. Clear positive effects on parameters relevant to energy metabolism however only apply to multiparous animals, and other factors, such as milking frequency before and after calving, exert an influence. Positive effects of shortening the DP on the reproductive performance were shown in several studies. Time from calving to first ovulation as well as indicators for assessing the success of artificial insemination and reproductive performance showed better results in animals with no or shortened drying off periods. Again, this only applied to multiparous animals. Overall, there is no single clear answer to the question of an optimal length of the DP, but conversely it is abundantly clear that a dry period of 55–60 days is not necessary in all cases and does not make sense under certain circumstances. Based on the study findings from recent years, the determination of dry periods should be used as a farm-specific and needs-oriented applied management decision.

Schlüsselwörter

Trockenstehphase - Milchleistung - Eutergesundheit - Fertilität - Biestmilchqualität - Stoffwechsel

Key words

Short dry period - milk yield - udder health - reproductive performance - colostrum - energy metabolism
 

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