Lebensmittelverzehr und Adipositas

Zusammenfassung

Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Gewichtszunahmen im Erwachsenenalter spielen in der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion zur Adipositasprävention nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Daher ist die Studienlage über Bestimmungsgründe der Gewichtszunahme nur bedingt aufgearbeitet worden und durch Lücken gekennzeichnet. Allerdings wird das Adipositasproblem weniger durch die Therapie von schon Übergewichtigen gelöst werden können als vielmehr durch primärpräventive Maßnahmen, die auf breiter Basis auf die Verhinderung großer Gewichtszunahmen abzielen. In dieser Übersicht geben wir den meta-analytischen Kenntnisstand zu den Zusammenhängen zwischen dem Verzehr von 10 Lebensmittelgruppen und dem Risiko von Übergewicht/Adipositas, abdomineller Adipositas und Gewichtszunahme in Kohortenstudien wieder, der durch eine Zusammenstellung der Meta-Analysen von Interventionsstudien mit diesen Lebensmittelgruppen und dem Endpunkt Gewichtsveränderung ergänzt wurde. Die Meta-Analyse zu den Zusammenhängen basierte auf den Originalpublikationen, die für eine englischsprachige Publikation ausführlich aufbereitet wurden. In der zusammenfassenden Darstellung für diese Übersicht konnten wir in der MetaAnalyse der Kohortenstudien bei einigen der Lebensmittelgruppen Assoziationen mit entweder einem erhöhten (zuckergesüßte Getränke, rotes Fleisch) oder reduzierten Risiko (Vollkornprodukte, Obst und Gemüse) beobachten. Diese Assoziationen wurden jedoch nur bei den zuckergesüßten Getränken durch die Interventionsstudien bestätigt, sodass derzeit nur bei dieser Lebensmittelgruppe von einer direkten Wirkung auf die Gewichtsentwicklung ausgegangen werden kann. Weiterhin zeigten die Hülsenfrüchte in den Interventionsstudien einen gewichtsreduzierenden Effekt, der auch teilweise in den Kohortenstudien bestätigt wurde. Diese Übersicht über die Bedeutung der Lebensmittelzufuhr für die Entwicklung von Übergewicht/ Adipositas und langfristige Gewichtsstabilität zeigt ein Potenzial auf, das primärpräventiv genutzt werden kann. Jedoch bedarf es noch weiterer Forschungsanstrengungen, um eine solide Erkenntnisbasis zu schaffen und insbesondere experimenteller Humanstudien, um die Zusammenhänge abzusichern und die biologische Bedeutung zu kennen.

Summary

Measures to prevent weight gain in the adult age do only play a minor role in the discussion about the prevention of obesity. As consequence, the study situation regarding determinants of weight gain has only partially been clarified and is also characterized through considerable gaps of knowledge. Indeed, the problem of obesity will less be solved through therapy of yet obese subjects but rather through measures of primary prevention that focus on large weight gain on a broad basis. In this review we give the metaanalytical status regarding the relation between the consumption of 10 food groups and risk of obesity, abdominal obesity and weight gain in cohort studies. Additionally, evidence from meta-analyses of interventional studies with these food groups are summarized. The meta-analyses of cohort studies based on original publications that had been assembled for a publication in English. In the summary table for this review, some food groups show either increased (sugar-sweetened beverages, red meat) or decreased (whole grain products, fruit and vegetables) risk with increasing consumption in the meta-analyses of cohort studies. These associations were only supported for sugarsweetened beverages in the intervention studies, indicating that only for this food group a direct effect on weight development can be assumed. Further, legumes show a decreasing effect in intervention studies which could be also partly observed in the cohort studies. This review about the role of food consumption for the development of obesity and long-term stability of weight shows a potential to be used in primary prevention. However, further efforts are needed in order to provide a solid basis of knowledge and in particular human experimental studies that back the observed relations and establish their biological meaning.

Schlüsselwörter

Adipositasprävention - Lebensmittelverzehr - Adipositasrisiko - Kohortenstudien - Interventionsstudien - Metaanalysen

Keywords

Obesity prevention - food consumption - risk of obesity - cohort studies - intervention studies - meta-analyses

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