Surface Factor Mechanisms in Relation to Blood Platelets: Evidence that Activated Hageman Factor is Present on the Surface of Platelets*

Summary

Blood platelet suspensions from normal (N) or hemophilia A (VIII-) subjects contain active SF (surface factor or activation product) in their plasmatic atmosphere. Since factor XII is an essential precursor, SF is not formed on platelets from a Hageman-deficient. Experimental evidence establishing these facts was obtained by means of clotting tests (PCa and PTT) and the thrombelastograph (TEG). The SF activity of normal platelets, like a plasma SF preparation, corrects the deficiencies in XII- plasmas, best tested in silicone or the stainless steel cuvette of the TEG. An anti-SF preparation inhibited the platelet SF activity. Allowing for the SF effect, there was no evidence for any significant factor VIII (AHF) in the platelet plasmatic atmospheres.

How surface factor (SF) activation from precursors (XII, XI) in the plasma and plasmatic atmosphere of altering platelets may combine in a mutually reinforcing reaction to trigger intrinsic blood clotting is discussed. When stress, vascular injury, stasis, and other factors enter the picture, the stage may be set for the occurrence of thrombosis in vivo.

• References

• 1 Ferguson J. H. Lipoids and blood platelets, with reference to blood coagulation and the hemorrhagic diseases. Univ. N. Carolina Press; 1960: 67.
• 2 Ferguson J. H. Some experiences with blood-clotting mechanisms in blood cells and plasma proteins: Their state in nature. Tullis J. L. ed. Acad. Press; N.Y.: 1953: 93.
• 3 Ferguson J. H, Marcus A. J, Robinson A. J. Purified platelet phospholipids and blood coagulation. Blood 22: 19 1963;
• 4 Roskam J. Contribution a l’ étude de la physiologie normale et pathologique du globulin (plaquettes de Bizzozero). Arch. int. Physiol 20: 241 1923;
• 5 Roskam J, Hugues J, Bounameaux Y, Salmon J. The part played by platelets in the formation of an efficient hemostatic plug. Thrombos. Diathes. haemorrh. (Stuttg) 03: 510 1959;
• 6 Adelson E, Rheingold J. J, Crosby W. H. The platelet as a sponge. A review. Blood 17: 767 1961;
• 7 Ratnoff O. D, Davie E. W, Mallett D. L. Studies on the activation of Hageman factor: Evidence that activated Hageman factor in turn activates plasma thromboplastin antecedent. J. clin. Invest 40: 803 1961;
• 8 Iatridis S. G, Ferguson J. H. Active Hageman factor: a plasma lysokinase of the human fibrinolytic system. J. clin. Invest 41: 1277 1962;
• 9 Iatridis S. G, Ferguson J. K. A two-stage assay method for Hageman factor activity. Thrombos. Diathes. haemorrh. (Stuttg) 08: 46 1962;
• 10 Waaler B. A. Contact activation in the intrinsic blood clotting system. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 11. suppl. 37 1959
• 11 de Nicola P, Mazzetti G. M. Evaluation of thrombelastography. Am. J. clin. Path 25: 447 1955;
• 12 Brinkhous K. M, LeRoy E. G, Cornell W. P, Brown R. C, Hazlehurst J. L, Vennart G. P. Macroscopic studies of platelet agglutination: Nature of thrombocyte agglutinating activity of plasma. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y) 98: 379 1958;
• 13 Hellem A. J. The adhesiveness of human blood platelets in vitro. Scand. J. clin. Lab. Invest. 20. Suppl. 12 1960
• 14 Langdell R. D, Wagner R. H, Brinkhous K. M. Effect of antihemophilic factor on one-stage clotting tests. A presumptive test for hemophilia and a simple one-stage antihemophilic factor assay procedure. J. Lab. clin. Med 41: 637 1953;
• 15 Nye S. W, Graham J. B, Brinkhous K. M. The partial thromboplastic time as a screening test for the detection of latent bleeders. Amer. J. med. Sci. 243. 55/279 1962
• 16 Bell W. N, Alton H. G. A brain extract as substitute for platelet suspensions in the thromboplastin generation test. Nature 174: 880 1954;
• 17 Johnston Jr CL, Ferguson J. H, O’Harilon F. A. Surface activation of plasma clotting: a function of Hageman factor. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol 99: 197 1958;
• 18 Hugues J. Agglutination précose des plaquettes au cours de la formation du clou hémostatique. Thrombos. Diathes. haemorrh. (Stuttg) 03: 177 1959;
• 19 Shimamoto T, Ishiolca T, Fujita T. Antithrombotic effect of Monamine Oxidase Inhibitor (Nialamide). Circulât. Res 10: 647 1961;
• 20 Duguid J. B. Thrombosis as a factor in the pathogenesis of aortic atherosclerosis. J. Path. Bact 60: 57 1948;
• 21 Movat H. Z, Haust M. D, More R. H. The morphological elements in the early lesions of arteriosclerosis. Amer. J. Path 35: 93 1959;
• 22 Mustard J. F, Downie H. G, Murphy E. A, Rowsell H. C. Lipids, platelets, and atherosclerosis. In; Blood Platelets.. Johnson S. A, Monto R. W, Rebuck J. W, Horn R. C. eds.). Little, Brown & C; Boston: 191 1961
• 23 Iatridis S. G, Ferguson J. H. Effect of physical exercise on blood clotting and fibrinolysis. J. appl. Physiol 18: 337 1963;
• 24 Wessler S, Cohen S, Fleischner F. G. The temporary thrombotic state. Application of this concept to the therapy of recurrent thromboembolism, with bacteriologic and roentgenologic considerations in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infarction. New Engl. J. Med 254: 413 1956;
• 25 Wessler S. Thrombosis in the presence of vascular stasis. Amer. J. Med 33: 648 1962;
• 26 Henderson E. S, Rapaport S. I. The thrombotic activity of activation product. J. clin. Invest 41: 235 1962;
• 27 Didislieim P, Vandervoort RLE, Rytting J. E. Formation of serum thrombotic accelerator (STA) in plasma. Clin. Res 10: 1 1962;
• 28 Iatridis S. G, Ferguson J. H, Iatridis P. G. Thrombotic and anti-surface factor activity in dog blood. Fed. Proc 22: 620 1963;
• 29 Iatridis S. G, Iatridis P. G, Ferguson J. H. Thrombotic and surface factor studies in rabbits. Physiologist 06: 207 1963;