Keywords
sudden hearing loss - oxidative stress - prognosis
Introduction
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is a challenging clinical issue. Worldwide,
the incidence of SSNHL is estimated at 5 to 20 cases per 100 thousand people per year.[1] The clinical course of SSNHL is the perception of a rapid-onset (≤ 72 hours) hearing
loss, which may be unilateral (more frequent) or bilateral.[2] In the majority of the cases, the etiology is not identified, in spite of comprehensive
clinical, laboratory, and imaging evaluations, and the condition is then termed idiopathic
SSNHL.[2] The pathogenesis, the optimal treatments, and the prognostic factors of SSNHL are
still under debate in the scientific community.[3]
[4]
Several authors hypothesized that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis
of noise-induced hearing loss, as well as in drug- and aging-related hearing loss.[5]
[6]
[7] Oxidative stress occurs due to a dysregulation in the cellular redox activity in
which the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) outweighs the clearance of those
ROS by endogenous antioxidant enzymes and molecular chaperones.[8] The generation of ROS slowly impairs the functioning of mitochondria, ultimately
resulting in damage to biological molecules (such as DNA).[9] Elevated levels of ROS cause subsequent apoptosis of cells through several pathways,
including oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction, increased pro-ROS enzyme activity,
and decreased anti-ROS activity.[10]
[11]
Previous studies suggested that redox imbalance might be associated with the pathogenesis
of hypertension.[12]
[13] Reactive oxygen species are known to modulate numerous pathways that are important
for the control of systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure, including decreased
biovailability of nitric oxide, inflammation, imbalance in salt and water homeostasis,
hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system, and disturbances of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system.[14]
[15]
One study[13] has shown a correlation of oxidative stress with metabolic diseases, among which
are excess weight (obesity/overweight), diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia.
Reactive oxygen species impact insulin signaling pathways, thus leading to an insulin-resistant
state, increased hepatic influx of free fatty acids, increased lipogenesis, as well
as increased triglyceride storage, inducing hepatocyte dysfunction or death.[16]
Therefore, we hypothesize that ROS may contribute to the pathogenesis of SSNHL in
a similar way as in cases of ototoxicity, noise-induced hearing loss, and presbyacusis.
A better understanding of the complex role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis
of SSNHL might reveal new targets for prognostic factors and therapeutic modification.
The aim of the present study was to find potential peripheral biomarkers to show the
levels of oxidative stress in samples of peripheral blood collected from SSNHL patients
with and withouth metabolic disease.
Methods
In total, 80 consecutive patients who developed SSNHL were evaluated in the otolaryngology
emergency room and outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital between May 2017 and May
2019, regardless of age group. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss was defined as the
presence of a rapid-onset (≤ 72 hours) hearing loss of at least 30 dB in 3 contiguous
frequencies. Only previously-untreated cases were included in our casuistic. Written
informed consent was obtained from all participants. The present study was approved
by the Ethics in Research Committee of Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal
de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP) under protocol number 2.149.364.
All patients underwent detailed anamnesis, physical examination, audiometry, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) of the inner ears, and blood tests for serum lipids and plasma
activity of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS).
The inclusion criteria for the diagnosis of diabetic patients were: having received
a confirmed diagnosis of type-1 or type-2 diabetes mellitus; and being under treatment
with insulin or glucose-lowering oral medications.
The inclusion criteria for the diagnosis of hypertensive patients were: having systolic
blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, measured by a
physician according to reported methods on at least 3 visits; and having been submitted
to a previous treatment for hypertension.
We excluded patients who were evaluated after 14 days since the beginning of the hearing
loss, those who had less than 25 dB in the initial hearing test, and those who had
recurrent hearing loss. All patients were treated with prednisolone 1 mg/Kg/day (maximum
dose of 60 mg/day) once daily for at least 14 days. The patients underwent weekly
audiograms (performed by the same professional and using the same equipment), and,
in cases in which the audiometry showed improvements as compared with the one performed
one week earlier (a difference of at least 10 dB between two sequential audiometries).
A significant improvement in the audiometry was defined as an improvement of 10 dBHL
or more in pure-tone average (PTA), or an improvement of 10% or more in the speech
discrimination score (SDS). Then, the dose of prednisolone was tapered for 3 weeks
until complete withdrawal. Equivalent doses of deflazacort (maximum dose of 90 mg/day)
were administered to patients who did not tolerate prednisone or who had arterial
hypertension or diabetes.
The degree of initial hearing loss was classified according to the PTA at 250 Hz,
500 Hz, 1,000 Hz, 2,000 Hz, 4,000 Hz and 8,000 Hz as: 1) mild (26 dB to 40 dB); 2)
moderate (41 dB to 55 dB); 3) moderate–severe (56 dB to 70 dB); 4) severe (71 dB to
90 dB); and 5) profound (91 dB).[17] The success of the treatment was assessed based on the hearing gains in the PTA
and SDS as per the 2019 clinical practice guideline on sudden hearing loss (American
Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery):[17] an improvement < 10 dB HL in the PTA was defined as no recovery (group 1); an improvement
≥ 10 dB HL in the PTA or an improvement ≥ 10% in the SDS was defined as partial recovery
(group 2); and an improvement within the 10 dB HL range of the unaffected ear's hearing
threshold and within 5% to 10% of its SDS was defined as complete recovery (group
3).
The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation, was determined
based on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). The concentrations
of MDA were calculated using a TBARS assay kit (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN,
US) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, which was normalized to protein
concentration. In brief, equal volumes (100 μL) of samples and SDS were added to a
5-mL conical vial. After vortex mixing, the samples were mixed with 0.4 mL of 1% thiobarbituric
acid in 50 mm NaOH and 0.2 mL (20%) H3PO4. The mixture was heated to 100°C for 15 minutes. After 10 minutes of incubation on
ice, the vials were centrifuged at 1,600 × g for 10 minutes at 4°C. The samples (100 µL) were loaded into 96-well assay plates,
and the absorbance of each well was measured at 540 nm using a microplate reader.
The level of total cholesterol was analyzed using a commercial kit (Labtest, Lagoa
Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil). The protein levels were measured using the Bradford
method.
For the statistical analyses, the three groups were compared using the Chi-squared
test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Spearman correlation
test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, IBM Corp., Armonk,
NY, US) software, version 20.0. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
Demography
A total of 80 patients were included in the presente study. The mean age of the study
population was 48.6 years (range: 7–89 years). There was a slight predominance of
female subjects: 1.8:1 (female:male). At the time of the first evaluation, 23 patients
(28.75%) had systemic arterial hypertension, 13 patients (16.25%) had high levels
of total cholesterol, and 10 patients (12.5%) had diabetes.
Audiologic Test
The degree of initial sensorineural hearing loss was: 2 patients (2.5%) with mild
hearing loss; 29 patients (36.25%) with moderate hearing loss; 35 patients (43.75%)
with severe hearing loss; and 14 patients (17.5%) with profound hearing loss.
Thirty days after the treatment, we observed that 23 patients (28.75%) achieved total
recovery of the hearing loss (group 1), 29 patients (36.25%) had partial recovery
of the hearing loss (group 2), and 28 patients (35%) did not recover from the initial
hearing loss (group 3). We observed a significant positive correlation between the
degree of initial sensorineural hearing loss and the recovery of the hearing loss.
Association between Age and Recovery of Hearing Loss
We observed a significant positive correlation between the age of the patients and
the success of the treatment (Kruskal-Wallis test; p = 0.014).
Association between Comorbidities and Recovery of Hearing Loss
We did not observe a significant association between the presence of systemic arterial
hypertension and the recovery of the hearing (Cui-squared test; p = 0,926). In contrast, we observed that the degree of recovery was significantly
worse in patients with high levels of total cholesterol and diabetes as compared with
patients who did not have those comorbidities ([Tables 1] and [2]).
Table 1
Responses to the treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in patients with
and without high levels of total cholesterol
|
High levels of total cholesterol
|
Total
|
|
Withouth
|
With
|
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
|
Recovery of hearing loss
|
Total recovery
|
21
|
31.3%
|
2
|
15.4%
|
23
|
28.8%
|
|
Partial recovery
|
26
|
38.8%
|
3
|
23.1%
|
29
|
36.3%
|
|
No improvement
|
20
|
29.9%
|
8
|
61.5%
|
28
|
35.0%
|
|
Total
|
67
|
100.0%
|
13
|
100.0%
|
80
|
100.0%
|
Table 2
Responses to the treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in patients with
and without diabetes
|
Diabetes
|
Total
|
|
Withouth
|
With
|
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
|
Recovery of hearing loss
|
Total recovery
|
22
|
31.4%
|
1
|
10.0%
|
23
|
28.8%
|
|
Partial recovery
|
27
|
38.6%
|
2
|
20.0%
|
29
|
36.3%
|
|
No improvement
|
21
|
30.0%
|
7
|
70.0%
|
28
|
35.0%
|
|
Total
|
70
|
100.0%
|
10
|
100.0%
|
80
|
100.0%
|
Association between the Indexes of Oxidative Stress and Recovery of Hearing Loss
The activity of MDA was measured in the plasma of the patients. These data were also
reflected in a quantitative TBARS assay. No significant effect of MDA activity was
observed among the three study groups ([Table 3]).
Table 3
Association between the activity of thiobarbituric acid reactive species and the responses
to the treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss
|
Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (nmol/mL)
|
Recovery of hearing loss
|
|
|
Total
|
Partial
|
Without recovery
|
Kruskal-Wallis (p)
|
|
Average
|
0.831
|
0.788
|
0.776
|
|
|
Median
|
0.688
|
0.763
|
0.735
|
0.735
|
|
Standard deviation
|
0.329
|
0.170
|
0.248
|
|
|
n
|
23
|
29
|
28
|
|
Discussion
To date, the etiology of SSHNL remains unknown, as well as which treatment is optimal
and the prognostic markers. Although some authors[18] describe that 25% of the patients achieve complete recovery of the hearing following
SSNHL, it has been demonstrated that 50% of the patients with SSNL only achieve partial
recovery, and, in the remaining 25%, the hearing will not improve after the initial
insult at all.[18] A review of the temporal bones from the collection of the Massachusetts Eye and
Ear Infirmary[19] showed that the most common pathological findings in temporal bones from donors
who had SSNHL were loss of hair and supporting cells in the organ of Corti. Histopathologically,
most inner-ear diseases that affect the cochlea result in very similar patterns of
degeneration; therefore, it was not possible to infer the potential pathophysiological
mechanisms that could have resulted in those findings.[19]
Oxidative stress induced by ROS and disruption of the redox status have been reported
to play a pivotal role in the cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and inner-ear systems.[20] Several inner-ear pathologies, including acoustic trauma, SSNHL, presbyacusis and
Meniere disease are hypothesized to involve dysfunction of the microvascular circulation.[21] In the cochlea, the role of ROS in the onset and progression of damage has been
further supported by the observation of increased expression of ROS in the cochlea
following exposure to damaging levels of noise, well before morphological signs of
damage are detected, and they persist for 7 to 10 days after exposure.[8]
[22]
It is established that, in patients with noise-induced hearing loss, there is an overexpression
of ROS in the cochlea, resulting in oxidative stress.[23] Excessive generation of free radicals induced by noise exposure causes the accumulation
of lipid peroxidation products, oxidized proteins, and oxidative DNA damage in the
cochlea, resulting in death of the hair cells and nerve endings, and subsequent hearing
loss.[6]
[24] In the present study, no statistically significant changes in the concentration
of TBARS in the plasma of the patients in all three groups were observed. To our knowledge,
no previous study has evaluated the concentration of TBARs and MDA in the peripheral
blood in patients with SSNHL. Notwithstanding our negative findings, several studies[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11] have shown that endothelial dysfunction secondary to the accumulation of ROS might
play an important role in the pathophysiology of SSNHL. Capaccio et al[25] demonstrated that indicators of oxidative stress increased after the development
of SSNHL, and they suggested that – in addition to the traditional risk factors for
ischemia – oxidative stress is a risk factor for endothelial injury in the terminal
microvascular circulation.[26] The presence of ROS within the cochlear tissue raises the issue of whether the ROS
lead to cochlear damage or if the increase in the expression of ROS occur secondary
to an acute injury to the cochlear cells. However, our findings do not support the
hypothesis that measuring the concentration of TBARs and MDA in the peripheral blood
could be used as a prognosis indicator in patients with SSNHL. Our data have some
limitation. First, the samples of blood were taken from the systemic circulation to
measure the oxidative stress. Additionally, we used just one product of ROS. It is
still unclear what effect ROS might have on SSNHL.
We observed that the presence of diabetes and dyslipidemia associated with worse hearing
prognosis in patients with SSNHL as compared with people without those comorbidities,
since the patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia had worse final PTAs and higher
rates of partial or no improvement in the hearing levels. Those results may be explained
by several previous observations from the literature. The cochlea is an end organ,
which is metabolically dependent of nutrient and oxygen supply to maintain its normal
physiological function. Thus, it is very sensitive to alterations in blood circulation.[27] Lipid metabolic disorders may contribute to cochlear ischemia due to increased blood
viscosity and increased thickness of the endothelium of the terminal blood vessels
through several mechanisms, including the formation of atheromatous plaques, endothelial
dysfunction, and vascular inflamation.[8]
[28]
[29]
[30] In this regard, a study[31] including 94 patients with SSNHL showed a significant negative correlation between
hearing recovery and total cholesterol levels. Diabetes may also induce cochlear microangiopathy,
resulting in SSNHL and reducing the rate of recovery from this condition. Because
atrophy of the spiral ganglion and demyelination of the eighth cranial nerve have
been observed in individuals with diabetes, this type of diabetes-induced neuropathy
may cause SSNHL.[32]
We did not observe a significant correlation between arterial hypertension and hearing
prognosis following SSNHL. Althouth several previous studies[33]
[34]
[35] demonstrated that hypertension was considered a poor prognostic factor, for it could
be associated with microvascular dysfunction in the cochlea, our findings do not support
those assumptions.
While there have been some advances in the hypothesis of a common final pathway of
insult for hearing loss in patients with SSNHL, there is insufficient evidence supporting
the use of biological markers as indicators of hearing prognosis in SSNHL.[36] In the present study, we planned to use TBARS as a biomarker to detect patients
with worse prognoses earlier during the onset of hearing loss. However, we did not
observe a correlation between the concentration of TBARS and the severity of the initial
hearing loss or the prognosis of hearing recovery in patients with SSNHL. We hypothesize
that – considering that the inner ear is located in the hardest bone in the body,
making its direct acess difficult – the concentration of TBARs in the peripheral blood
may not adequately represent the abnormalities that occur in the intracoclear environment.[36]
Conclusion
We did not observe a significant correlation between the concentration of TBARs in
the peripheral blood or the presence of arterial hypertension in the severity of the
initial hearing loss or the prognosis of hearing recovery in patients with SSNHL.
But we observed that the presence of dyslipidemia or diabetes is associated with poorer
hearing prognosis in patients with SSNHL. Patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia
had worse final PTAs and higher rates of partial or no improvement in the hearing
levels as compared with people without those comorbidities.
