Keywords
pregnancy - Wernicke encephalopathy - hyperemesis gravidarum - thiamine - case report
Palavras-chave
gravidez - encefalopatia de Wernicke - hiperêmese gravídica - tiamina - relato de
caso
Introduction
Nausea and vomiting are very common during pregnancy (NVP), affecting up to 80% of
pregnancies.[1]
[2]
[3] Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), which can be described as severe NVP, affects up to
3% of all pregnancies and frequently leads to weight loss, dehydration, and electrolyte
imbalance.[2]
[4] Hyperemesis gravidarum is the most common indication for hospitalization in the
first half of pregnancy.[4] Maternal complications include dehydration, malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies,
peripheral neuropathy, and more serious neurological complications, including central
pontine myelinolysis and Wernicke encephalopathy (WE).[2]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
The relation between WE and HG was described in 1939 by Sheehan.[9] As this complication is rare, there is not much data about it in the literature.
However, as it is a serious and rare complication, it deserves attention as a case
report.
Here, we describe the case of a 25-year-old pregnant female with WE due to HG.
Case Report
A 25-year-old pregnant patient at 13 weeks and 5 days of gestational age, in her third
pregnancy, presented to our emergency department with symptoms of weakness, mental
confusion, anterograde amnesia, and visual and auditory hallucinations.
One month before this first visit, the patient reports having presented hypoxia and
vomiting. On examination, the patient was awake, disoriented, responding to commands,
with isochoric and photoreactive pupils, absence of relative afferent pupillary defect,
preserved visual acuity, exhaustible horizontal nystagmus, atypical gait, with slight
dysbasia.
Laboratory tests showed the following changes: drop in hemoglobin levels (7.0 mg/dl,
reference: 11–16 mg/dl), albumin (3.0 g/dl, reference: 3.5–4.8 mg/dl) and potassium
(3.3 mmol/l, reference: 3.5–5.5 mmol/l), seric iron (43.5 mcg/dl, reference: 50–170
mcg/dl), seric magnesium (1.4 mg/dl, reference; 1.7–2.5 mg/dl) and increased liver
enzymes glutamate pyruvate (129 U/L, reference < 41 U/L) and transaminase glutamate
oxaloacetate transaminase (61 U/L, reference < 31 U/L). Transient hyperthyroidism
was also observed, with TSH (0.04 mU/L, reference 0.3–4.0 mU/L) below normal limits.
Other complementary exams did not show alterations. Ultrasound showed single alive
intrauterine fetus.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), on T2/FLAIR sequence, showed symmetrically increased
signal intensity in the dorsomedial thalami ([Figs. 1] and [2]). This finding may suggest injury to the medial portion of the thalamus.
Fig. 1 Dorsomedial thalami.
Fig. 2 Dorsomedial thalami (white arrows).
Due to the main diagnostic suspicion of WE, thiamine replacement was initiated with
a 500 mg intravenous loading dose every 8 hours for 3 days, and then maintained with
100 mg orally for another 14 days. The patient also received potassium replacement
orally, and 3 blood concentrates were transfused, after which she presented a slow
improvement in her neurological condition, being discharged after 7 days of hospitalization
for prenatal follow-up at our service.
During prenatal care, the patient evolved with improved thyroid function, and presented
normal exams in 2 months. She was diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus but
obtained good control with diet.
The fetus was diagnosed with ventriculomegaly (dilation of the cerebral ventricles)
and intrauterine growth restriction during the morphological ultrasound in the second
trimester.
The patient evolved to cesarean delivery at term due to altered fetal vitality. The
newborn is being followed-up with genetics and neurology, with a probable diagnosis
of Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM).
Discussion
The patient has presented neurological changes (nystagmus, disorientation) as well
as a previous history of HG. The laboratory tests reinforced the finding of malnutrition
(low levels of albumin and minerals), and the MRI showed alterations in the thalamus
region. All these findings were suggestive of WE.
Wernicke encephalopathy is an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by the
classic triad of ataxia, eye movement disorders, and mental status change. It is the
result of a thiamine deficiency.[4]
The majority of patients that develop WE have a history of chronic alcoholism and
accompanying malnutrition.
[2]
[8] Before the onset of WE, prodromal characteristics of severe thiamine deficiency
are present, such as nausea and vomiting, and blurred or double vision.[2]
[8]
[10] Inadequate treatment often results in additional characteristics of the classic
triad consisting of oculomotor abnormalities, cerebellar dysfunction, and an altered
mental state. The more symptoms of WE, the more likely chronic Korsakoff syndrome
will develop: a cognitive disorder characterized by severe amnesia, executive problems,
and confabulation, which leads to lifelong impairment.[8]
[10] It is relatively unknown that HG can lead to WE.
Wernicke encephalopathy is better diagnosed by the Caine's operational criteria, since
not all patients have the classic triad. Caine's operational criteria for WE are:
Wernicke's classic triad; autopsy evidence of WE; or clinical response to thiamine.[11] The defining signs and symptoms for WE were: dietary deficiencies, oculomotor abnormalities
(reported as nystagmus or ophthalmoplegia), cerebellar dysfunction (reported as falling
or imbalance), and an altered mental state (reported as delirium, confusion, and problems
in alertness, or cognition).[11]
The body stores ∼ 25 to 30 mg of water-soluble vitamin thiamine (B1), which is good
for ∼ 18 days. The daily requirement is 0.4 mg/1,000 kcal per day, which increases
in pregnancy to 1.5 mg/day.[12] Deficiency of thiamine pyrophosphate, which is an important co-factor for enzymes
in the pentose phosphate pathway, affects multiple tissues, particularly those with
high thiamine turnover that include neural parenchyma resulting in cell necrosis or
apoptosis.[13]
Wernicke encephalopathy in pregnancy generally occurs in women who are malnourished,
due to the increased demands of pregnancy. Hyperemesis further depletes thiamine stores.[14] However, WE is uncommon in pregnancy but HG is pretty common. Wernicke encephalopathy
generally occur at 14 to 18 weeks gestation after 2 to 3 weeks of vomiting, which
was the case with our patient who presented at 13 weeks and 5 days gestation with
history of vomiting for 1 month.[13]
The diagnosis of WE is primarily clinical. In his operational criterion for the identification
of WE, Caine et al[11] proposed that WE is diagnosed if any two of the following four signs exist: ophthalmoplegia,
ataxia, altered mental status, and malnourishment. Nystagmus is the most common ocular
sign and confusion is the most common presenting symptom.[11]
The diagnosis may be reinforced by a brain MRI, which shows symmetric high T1, T2,
and T2 flair signal intensities in the mammillary body, medial thalamus, periventricular,
and periaqueductal regions. The sensitivity and specificity of brain MRIs are 53%
and 93% for the diagnosis of WE, respectively.[15]
The gold-standard treatment is to replace thiamine, which results in the resolution
of symptoms in a few hours to a few days depending on the severity of the disease.
If untreated, WE can progress to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS), resulting in more
chronic symptoms such as anterograde amnesia, which takes more time to resolve after
treatment.[16] Therefore, diagnosis and treating as fast as possible will result in less severe
disease.
Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) or syndrome is a posterior fossa anomaly characterized
by agenesis or hypoplasia of the vermis and cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle
causing upward displacement of tentorium and torcula.[17] DWM may be isolated or associated with chromosomal abnormalities, Mendelian disorders,
syndromic malformations, congenital infections, and various other comorbidities.[18] There is no description in the literature of cases of DWM in pregnant women complicated
with HG or WE. And we cannot infer that thiamine deficiency or nutritional changes
lead to brain formation.
Conclusions
Wernicke encephalopathy is an uncommon and life-threatening neurological disease complicating
pregnancy in the setting of hyperemesis. Timely and serious management of vomiting
in pregnancy and replacement of thiamine stores help treat acute neurological symptoms
and can prevent both maternal and fetal morbidity.
