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Semin Thromb Hemost 2022; 48(03): 288-300
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740265
Review Article

Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Central Nervous System Physiology and Pathology: From Synaptic Plasticity to Alzheimer's Disease

Tamara K. Stevenson
1   Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
2   Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
,
Shannon J. Moore
1   Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
2   Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
,
Geoffrey G. Murphy
1   Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
2   Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
,
Daniel A. Lawrence
2   Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
3   Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
› Author Affiliations Funding This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants HL055374, and NS079639 (D.A.L.), NS007222 (T.K.S.), and AG052934 and the University of Michigan Protein Folding Disease Initiative (S.J.M. and G.G.M.).
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Abstract

Tissue plasminogen activator's (tPA) fibrinolytic function in the vasculature is well-established. This specific role for tPA in the vasculature, however, contrasts with its pleiotropic activities in the central nervous system. Numerous physiological and pathological functions have been attributed to tPA in the central nervous system, including neurite outgrowth and regeneration; synaptic and spine plasticity; neurovascular coupling; neurodegeneration; microglial activation; and blood–brain barrier permeability. In addition, multiple substrates, both plasminogen-dependent and -independent, have been proposed to be responsible for tPA's action(s) in the central nervous system. This review aims to dissect a subset of these different functions and the different molecular mechanisms attributed to tPA in the context of learning and memory. We start from the original research that identified tPA as an immediate-early gene with a putative role in synaptic plasticity to what is currently known about tPA's role in a learning and memory disorder, Alzheimer's disease. We specifically focus on studies demonstrating tPA's involvement in the clearance of amyloid-β and neurovascular coupling. In addition, given that tPA has been shown to regulate blood–brain barrier permeability, which is perturbed in Alzheimer's disease, this review also discusses tPA-mediated vascular dysfunction and possible alternative mechanisms of action for tPA in Alzheimer's disease pathology.

Keywords

tissue plasminogen activator - Alzheimer's disease - learning and memory - vascular dysfunction - plasminogen activator inhibitor-1


Publication History

Article published online:
23 December 2021

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