Int J Sports Med 2017; 38(09): 691-695
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-108998
Training & Testing
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Validity and Reliability of a New Device (WIMU®) for Measuring Hamstring Muscle Extensibility

José M. Muyor
1   Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted after revision 27 March 2017

Publication Date:
13 July 2017 (online)

Abstract

The aims of the current study were 1) to evaluate the validity of the WIMU® system for measuring hamstring muscle extensibility in the passive straight leg raise (PSLR) test using an inclinometer for the criterion and 2) to determine the test-retest reliability of the WIMU® system to measure hamstring muscle extensibility during the PSLR test. 55 subjects were evaluated on 2 separate occasions. Data from a Unilever inclinometer and WIMU® system were collected simultaneously. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the validity were very high (0.983–1); a very low systematic bias (−0.21°–−0.42°), random error (0.05°–0.04°) and standard error of the estimate (0.43°–0.34°) were observed (left–right leg, respectively) between the 2 devices (inclinometer and the WIMU® system). The R2 between the devices was 0.999 (p<0.001) in both the left and right legs. The test-retest reliability of the WIMU® system was excellent, with ICCs ranging from 0.972–0.995, low coefficients of variation (0.01%), and a low standard error of the estimate (0.19–0.31°). The WIMU® system showed strong concurrent validity and excellent test-retest reliability for the evaluation of hamstring muscle extensibility in the PSLR test.

 
  • References

  • 1 Atkinson G, Nevill AM. Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports Med 1998; 26: 217-238
  • 2 Ayala F, Sainz de Baranda P, De Ste Croix M, Santonja F. Criterion-related validity of four clinical tests used to measure hamstring flexibility in professional futsal players. Phys Ther Sport 2011; 12: 175-181
  • 3 Bohannon R, Gajdosik R, LeVeau BF. Contribution of pelvic and lower limb motion to increases in the angle of passive straight leg raising. Phys Ther 1985; 65: 474-476
  • 4 Boyd BS. Measurement properties of a hand-held inclinometer during straight leg raise neurodynamic testing. Physiotherapy 2012; 98: 174-179
  • 5 Boyd BS, Wanek L, Gray AT, Topp KS. Mechanosensitivity of the lower extremity nervous system during straight-leg raise neurodynamic testing in healthy individuals. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2009; 39: 780-790
  • 6 Charlton PC, Mentiplay BF, Pua YH, Clark RA. Reliability and concurrent validity of a Smartphone, bubble inclinometer and motion analysis system for measurement of hip joint range of motion. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18: 262-267
  • 7 Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988
  • 8 Davis DS, Quinn RQ, Whiteman CT, Williams JD, Young CR. Concurrent validity of four clinical tests used to measure hamstring flexibility. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22: 583-588
  • 9 Davis Hammonds AL, Laudner KG, McCaw S, McLoda TA. Acute lower extremity running kinematics after a hamstring stretch. J Athl Train 2012; 47: 5-14
  • 10 Esola MA, McClure PW, Fitzgerald GK, Siegler S. Analysis of lumbar spine and hip motion during forward bending in subjects with and without a history of low back pain. Spine 1996; 21: 71-78
  • 11 Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007; 39: 175
  • 12 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2016 update. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 1121-1124
  • 13 Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 3-13
  • 14 Hui SS, Yuen PY. Validity of the modified back-saver sit-and-reach test: a comparison with other protocols. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 1655-1659
  • 15 Hunt DG, Zuberbier OA, Kozlowski AJ, Robinson J, Berkowitz J, Schultz IZ, Milner RA, Crook JM, Turk DC. Reliability of the lumbar flexion, lumbar extension, and passive straight leg raise test in normal populations embedded within a complete physical examination. Spine 2001; 26: 2714-2718
  • 16 Jones CJ, Rikli RE, Max J, Noffal G. The reliability and validity of a chair sit-and-reach test as a measure of hamstring flexibility in older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport 1998; 69: 338-343
  • 17 López-Miñarro PA, Muyor JM, Alacid F. Influence of hamstring extensibility on sagittal spinal curvatures and pelvic tilt in highly trained young kayakers. Eur J Sport Sci 2012; 12: 469-474
  • 18 López-Miñarro PA, Rodríguez-García PL. Hamstring muscle extensibility influences the criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach and toe-touch tests. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 1013-1018
  • 19 López-Miñarro PA, Sainz de Baranda P, Rodríguez-García PL. A comparison of the sit-and-reach test and the back-saver sit-and-reach test in university students. J Sport Sci Med 2009; 8: 116-122
  • 20 López-Miñarro PA, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Muyor JM, Espejo-Antúnez L. Criterion-related validity of sitn-and-reach test as a measure of hamstring extensibility in older women. Nutr Hosp 2015; 31: 312-317
  • 21 Marshall PW, Cashman A, Cheema BS. A randomized controlled trial for the effect of passive stretching on measures of hamstring extensibility, passive stiffness, strength, and stretch tolerance. J Sci Med Sport 2011; 14: 535-540
  • 22 McHugh MP, Johnson CD, Morrison RH. The role of neural tension in hamstring flexibility. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 22: 164-169
  • 23 Mier CM, Shapiro BS. Sex differences in pelvic and hip flexibility in men and women matched for sit-and-reach score. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 1031-1035
  • 24 Muyor JM, Alacid F, López-Miñarro PA. Influence of hamstring muscles extensibility on spinal curvatures and pelvic tilt in highly trained cyclists. J Hum Kinet 2011; 29: 15-23
  • 25 Muyor JM, Arrabal-Campos FM. Effects of acute fatigue of the hip flexor muscles on hamstring muscle extensibility. J Hum Kinet 2016; 53: 23-32
  • 26 Muyor JM, López-Miñarro PA, Alacid F. The relationship between hamstring muscle extensibility and spinal postures varies with the degree of knee extension. J Appl Biomech 2013; 29: 678-686
  • 27 Muyor JM, Vaquero R, Alacid F, López-Miñarro PA. Criterion-related validity of sit-and-reach and toe-touch tests as a measure of hamstring extensibility in athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28: 546-555
  • 28 Muyor JM, Zabala M. Road cycling and mountain biking produces adaptations on the spine and hamstring extensibility. Int J Sports Med 2016; 37: 43-49
  • 29 Muyor JM, Zemková E, Stefánicová G, Kotyra M. Concurrent validity of clinical tests for measuring hamstring flexibility in school age children. Int J Sports Med 2014; 35: 664-669
  • 30 Norris CM, Matthews M. Inter-tester reliability of a self-monitored active knee extension test. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2005; 9: 256-259
  • 31 Piva SR, Goodnite EA, Childs JD. Strength around the hip and flexibility of soft tissues in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005; 35: 793-801
  • 32 Radwan A, Bigney KA, Buonomo HN, Jarmak MW, Moats SM, Ross JK, Tatarevic E, Tomko MA. Evaluation of intra-subject difference in hamstring flexibility in patients with low back pain: an exploratory study. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2015; 28: 61-66
  • 33 Reurink G, Goudswaard GJ, Oomen HG, Moen MH, Tol JL, Verhaar JA, Weir A. Reliability of the active and passive knee extension test in acute hamstring injuries. Am J Sports Med 2013; 2013: 8
  • 34 Rolls A, George K. The relationship between hamstring muscle injuries and hamstring muscle length in young elite footballers. Phys Ther Sport 2004; 5: 179-187
  • 35 Scattone Silva R, Nakagawa TH, Ferreira AL, Garcia LC, Santos JE, Serrão FV. Lower limb strength and flexibility in athletes with and without patellar tendinopathy. Phys Ther Sport 2016; 20: 19-25
  • 36 Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull 1979; 86: 420-428
  • 37 Sporis G, Vucetic V, Jovanovic M, Jukic I, Omrcen D. Reliability and factorial validity of flexibility tests for team sports. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 1168-1176
  • 38 Van Blommestein AS, Lewis JS, Morrissey MC, MacRae S. Reliability of measuring thoracic kyphosis angle, lumbar lordosis angle and straight leg raise with an inclinometer. Open Spinal J 2012; 4: 10-15
  • 39 Ylinen JJ, Kautiainen HJ, Häkkinen AH. Comparison of active, manual, and instrumental straight leg raise in measuring hamstring extensibility. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 972-977