Diagnostik und Therapie von Clostridium-difficile-Infektionen auf deutschen Intensivstationen – eine Umfrage unter Intensivmedizinern

Zusammenfassung

Einleitung Die Clostridium-difficile-assoziierte Kolitis ist eine häufige nosokomiale Durchfallerkrankung auf Intensivstationen mit relevantem Einfluss auf die Prognose kritisch kranker Patienten. In der Intensivmedizin gibt es derzeit kaum kontrollierte Studien zum rationalen Einsatz der verfügbaren Therapieoptionen oder zur Adhärenz gegenüber Leitlinienempfehlungen.

Methode Im Auftrag der AG Gastroenterologische Intensivmedizin der DGVS haben wir eine Online-basierte Befragung von Führungskräften deutscher Intensivstationen durchgeführt, um das aktuelle Management der Clostridium-difficile-Infektion auf Intensivstationen zu erfassen.

Ergebnis Die Erhebung erzielte einen Rücklauf von 24,2 % (85/351), überwiegend von (leitenden) Oberärzten/innen aus Krankenhäusern verschiedener Versorgungsstufen. Während für die Diagnostik größtenteils (79,3 %) Standards entsprechend der Leitlinien existierten (Toxinnachweis im Stuhl, ggfs. GDH-Screening und Endoskopie), gab es unterschiedliche therapeutische Strategien. Als Erstlinienbehandlung der Clostridium-difficile-Infektion auf der Intensivstation nannten 48,3 % orales Vancomycin, 34,5 % orales Metronidazol; der Therapieerfolg der Erstlinientherapie wurde mit 67 % für primäres Ansprechen, 15 % für persistierende Kolitis, 5 % für Sepsis oder Megakolon, 10 % für Rezidiv und 3 % für Tod abgeschätzt. Krankenhäuser der Grund-/Spezial- und Maximalversorgung setzten häufiger Metronidazol ein als Universitätskliniken. Die Standardbehandlung des Rezidivs bestand überwiegend aus Vancomycin oral (40 % allein, 29,1 % plus Metronidazol), seltener aus Fidaxomicin (25,5 %). Fidaxomicin wurde von 79 % der Befragten bereits mindestens einmal auf der Intensivstation eingesetzt, meist bei schwerem Krankheitsverlauf oder Rezidiv(risiko). Der fäkale Mikrobiomtransfer („Stuhltransplantation“) wurde von 11 % der Befragten bereits auf der Intensivstation in Einzelfällen eingesetzt.

Diskussion Die Umfrage unter Führungskräften deutscher Intensivstationen zeigt damit insgesamt eine hohe Sensibilisierung für die Clostridium-difficile-assoziierte Kolitis, allerdings auch deutliche Unterschiede in den lokalen Behandlungsstandards, insbesondere in der Erstlinientherapie.

Abstract

Background Clostridium difficile associated colitis is a frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhea at the intensive care unit (ICU) and is associated with poor prognosis in critically ill patients. Few studies have evaluated the efficacy of treatment options or adherence to guideline recommendations of Clostridium difficile infections at the ICU.

Methods Therefore, on behalf of the Gastroenterology Intensive Care Medicine working group of the DGVS, we have conducted an online-based survey among leading intensivists in Germany.

Results Out of the 351 invited, 85 (24.2 %), primarily leading executive physicians at primary to tertiary care hospitals, completed the survey. They reported standardized diagnostic algorithms of 79.3 %, in line with current guideline recommendations (i. e., toxin testing in stool, possibly GDH screening, and endoscopy). First-line therapy of Clostridium difficile infections at the ICU was reported to be oral vancomycin in 48.3 % and oral metronidazole in 34.5 %. The success of first-line therapy was estimated at 67 % for clinical cure, 15 % persisting colitis, 5 % sepsis or megacolon, 10 % recurrence, and 3 % death. Hospitals of primary/secondary care more often used metronidazole compared to university hospitals. Standard treatments for recurrent infection were vancomycin orally (40 % alone, 29.1 % combined with metronidazole) or, more rarely, fidaxomicin (25.5 %). Fidaxomicin has been used at least once at the ICU in 79 % of the respondents. Eleven percent have used fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) in selected cases at the ICU.

Conclusion Our survey indicated a high awareness of German intensivists for Clostridium difficile infections, but also marked differences in local therapeutic algorithms, especially in first-line treatment.

Schlüsselwörter

Clostridien - Intensivstation - Pseudomembranöse Kolitis - Clostridium difficile - Therapie - fäkaler Mikrobiomtransfer - Umfrage

Key words

clostridium - ICU - pseudomembraneous colitis - therapy - fecal microbiota transfer - survey

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