Zusammenfassung.
Die myokardiale Funktion wird durch Vorlast, Nachlast, Kontraktilität und Herzfrequenz
bestimmt. Pathologische Veränderungen dieser Determinanten können zur akuten Herzinsuffizienz
und zum kardiogenen Schock führen, wenn das resultierende Herzzeitvolumen soweit abfällt,
daß eine systemische Hypoperfusion entsteht. In der frühen Phase des septischen Schocks
hingegen finden sich niedrige systemische Perfusionsdrücke bei erhöhtem Herzzeitvolumen.
Durch zirkulierende Mediatoren kommt es in der Sepsis zur myokardialen Funktionsstörung
und auf Grund einer pulmonalarteriellen Hypertonie zur Rechtsherzbelastung. Ferner
findet sich eine Störung der Mikrozirkulation und eine Imbalanz von regionalem Sauerstoffangebot
und Sauerstoffverbrauch. Das Symptom, das am häufigsten zur Applikation von Katecholaminen
führt, ist die akute Hypotension. Da die Therapie mit Katecholaminen nur eine überbrückende
Maßnahme darstellt, sollte frühzeitig die zugrunde liegende Störung gesucht werden,
um eine gezielte Behandlung einleiten zu können. Neben den einzelnen Schockformen
müssen gleichzeitig chirurgisch behebbare Ursachen (z. B. Lungenembolie) und einer
spezifischen Therapie zugängliche Krankheitsbilder (z. B. PTCA oder Lyse beim akuten
Herzinfarkt) in Betracht gezogen werden. Parallel dazu wird eine symptomatische Soforttherapie
der akuten Hypotension eingeleitet. Sofern indiziert, wird die Vorlast durch Gabe
von Volumenersatzmitteln optimiert, anschließend folgt die Steigerung der Kontraktilität
und die Sicherung eines ausreichenden systemischen Blutdruckes, z. B. mit Dopamin
(4 - 12 µg/kg·min). Bei akuter Linksherzinsuffizienz steht die Steigerung der Kontraktilität
mit Dobutamin (4 - 12 µg/kg·min) oder Adrenalin (0,05 - 1 µg/kg·min) im Vordergrund,
oftmals in Kombination mit einem Vasodilatator (Nitroprussidnatrium 0,2 - 5 µg/kg·min
oder Nitroglycerin 0,5 - 2,5 µg/kg·min) oder einem Phosphodiesterase-III-Hemmer (Milrinon
0,3 - 0,8 µg/kg·min). Bei führender Rechtsherzinsuffizienz ist zur Erhöhung des koronaren
Perfusionsdruckes die Gabe von Noradrenalin (0,05 - 1 µg/kg·min) indiziert. Beim hyperdynamen
septischen Schock wird ebenfalls Noradrenalin zur Behandlung des niedrigen peripheren
Gefäßtonus und der myokardialen Dysfunktion eingesetzt.
Schlüsselwörter: Akute Herzinsuffizienz - Septischer Schock - Katecholamine - Phospodiesterasehemmer
Myocardial function is determined by preload, afterload, contractility and heart rate.
Pathologic changes of these variables may result in decrease of blood pressure, acute
heart failure or cardiogenic shock. Hyperdynamic septic shock is associated with systemic
hypotension despite increased cardiac output. Mediators of sepsis induce both myocardial
depression and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Moreover, sepsis is characterized
by microcirculatory disturbances and dysbalance in regional oxygen delivery and
consumption. Severe systemic hypotension is a symptom often requiring catecholamine
therapy to restore systemic circulation and to avoid organ damage. As the use of catecholamines
is not a causal therapy administration should be limited to an initial measure
until correction of the underlying abnormalities can be achieved. Different etiologies
of shock as well as diseases requiring specific interventions as pulmonary embolectomy,
systemic lysis or coronary angioplasty have to be considered. First line intervention
consists of optimizing preload by fluid resuscitation as appropriate and use of dopamine
(4 - 12 µg/kg·min) as primary catecholamine to increase contractility and blood pressure.
In acute left heart failure inotropic support with dobutamine (4 - 12 µg/kg·min) or
epinephrine (0.05 - 1 µg/kg·min) may be necessary, frequently combined with a vasodilator
(sodium nitroprusside 0.2 - 5 µg/kg·min or nitroglycerine 0.5 - 2.5 µg/kg·min) or
phosphodiesterase-III-inhibitor (milrinone 0.3 - 0.8 µg/kg·min). In right heart failure
norepinephrine is preferred to increase coronary perfusion pressure. Hyperdynamic
septic shock with decreased vascular resistance is treated with norepinephrine to
restore mean arterial pressure and to improve right ventricular dysfunction induced
by pulmonary hypertension.
Key Words:
Acute heart failure catecholamines - septic schock - shock - Hypotension - positive
inotropic drugs
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Dr. med. W. Schütz
Universitätsklinik für Anästhesiologie
Steinhövelstraße 9
89075 Ulm
Email: wolfram.schuetz@medizin.uni-ulm.de